An Advanced 100-Channel Readout System for Nuclear Imaging

Zhao, Zhixiang; Xie, Siwei; Zhang, Xi; Yang, Jixing; Huang, Qiu; Xu, Jianfeng; Peng, Qiyu

doi:10.1109/tim.2018.2877952

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…A 1-Bit Sigma-Delta modulation was adapted in the custom-designed 100-channel readout electronics system. Details related to the principles, architectures, and performance can be found in the literature [ 27 , 28 ]. Enhanced specular reflectors (ESR) are ultra-high-reflectivity, mirror-like optical enhancement films.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Portable Gamma Radiation Sensor Based on a Monolithic Lutetium-Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate Ring

Zhang

Xie

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Portable radiation detectors are widely used in environmental radiation detection and medical imaging due to their portability feature, high detection efficiency, and large field of view. Lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) is a widely used scintillator in gamma radiation detection. However, the structure and the arrangement of scintillators limit the sensitivity and detection accuracy of these radiation detectors. In this study, a novel portable sensor based on a monolithic LYSO ring was developed for the detection of environmental radiation through simulation, followed by construction and assessments. Monte Carlo simulations were utilized to prove the detection of gamma rays at 511 keV by the developed sensor. The simulations data, including energy resolutions, decoding errors, and sensitivity, showed good potential for the detection of gamma rays by the as-obtained sensor. The experimental results using the VA method revealed decoding errors in the energy window width of 50 keV less than 2°. The average error was estimated at 0.67°, a sufficient value for the detection of gamma radiation. In sum, the proposed radiation sensor appears promising for the construction of high-performance radiation detectors and systems.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Portable Gamma Radiation Sensor Based on a Monolithic Lutetium-Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate Ring

Zhang

Xie

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Note that the crystal array only used a 4 × 4 section of the 10 × 10 SiPM array. The electronic module reads out all 16 channels of SiPMs in parallel and transmits the single event data to a host PC via a USB 2.0 cable …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electronic module reads out all 16 channels of SiPMs in parallel and transmits the single event data to a host PC via a USB 2.0 cable. 42 The 16 signals from the 4 9 4 array of SiPMs (3 mm 9 3 mm 2 ) were merged into 2 9 2 groups. The four signals in each group were summed to emulate SiPMs 6 mm 9 6 mm 2 in size.…”

Section: A2 Readout Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A depth encoding PET detector using four‐crystals‐to‐one‐SiPM coupling and light‐sharing window method

et al. 2019

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Purpose Depth of interaction (DOI) decoding capability is of great importance for positron emission tomography (PET) requiring high resolution. In this study, we presented a novel low‐cost DOI detector design with four crystals coupling to one SiPM, based on the method of rectangular light‐sharing window (RLSW). A prototype detector was constructed, calibrated, and assessed using the methods of homogeneous radiation and flood map analysis. Methods The DOI detector was constructed with a 4 × 4 array of lutetium‐yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals (2.95 mm × 2.95 mm × 20 mm3), barium sulfate (BaSO4) reflectors, and optical glues. A RLSW 7 mm in height was deployed in the BaSO4 reflectors. A non‐DOI detector with identical dimensions and without RLSW was also constructed for comparison. The light‐output surface of the detector was air‐coupled with a 4 × 4 array of SiPMs (3 mm × 3 mm2). The signals generated from the 16 SiPMs were read out by a custom‐designed electronic system, and the signals from four adjacent 3 mm SiPMs were summed into one signal to emulate a 2 × 2 array of 6 mm SiPMs. The RLSW caused the DOI‐related position shifts of the crystal spots in the flood map. A homogeneous radiation method was used to establish the transfer functions to convert the spot shifts measured from the flood map into DOI measurements. The accuracy of the DOI measurements was assessed with data acquired using the conventional collimated radiation method. Results All 16 crystals are distinctly separated from each other in the flood map. Twelve crystals, including four central crystals and eight edge crystals, have the DOI capability. The full width half maximum (FWHM) of the DOI measurements of the central crystals and the edge crystals are 3.06 ± 0.08 and 3.79 ± 0.15 mm, respectively, for the configuration with four crystals coupling to one SiPM. By contrast, the FWHMs (3.98 ± 0.16 and 5.12 ± 0.38 mm, respectively) are slightly worse for the configuration with one crystal coupling to one SiPM. The average and standard deviation (STD) of the FWHM energy resolutions of the DOI detector and non‐DOI detector were 10.2% ± 0.7% and 10.7% ± 1.7%, respectively. Their FWHM coincidence timing resolutions were 197.0 ± 9.6 and 206.4 ± 13.3 ps, respectively. The RLSW had no significant impact on the energy resolutions and timing resolutions of the DOI detector. Conclusions The novel four‐crystals‐to‐one‐SiPM coupling technology is a cost‐efficient approach to construct high‐performance detector modules with DOI capability. The methods of homogeneous radiation and flood map analysis are easy to perform and of good performance. Those methods can be adapted in the clinic PET scanners to enable the capability of DOI measurements.

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“…Every SiPM has an active area of 6.07 × 6.07 mm 2 and contains 22 292 microcells that each covered an area of 35 × 35 μm 2 (MicroFJ-60035-TSV, SensL). The bias voltage of the SiPMs was 30 V, and the SiPM array was plugged into a custom-designed hub board that was connected to the electronic FPGA module via two 100-mm FPC cables [45]. The electronic module read out all 9 channels of SiPMs in parallel and transmitted single event data to a host PC via a USB 2.0 cable.…”

Section: B Detector Design 1) Crystal Array With Rlswsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth of Interaction Measurements Based on Rectangular Light Sharing Window Technology and Nine-Crystals-to-One-SiPM Coupling Method

Zhang

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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Depth of interaction (DOI) decoding capability shows great application potential for positron emission tomography (PET), especially for high-resolution small-animal PET or long axial field of view PET systems. On the basis of GATE optical simulation results, we presented a novel 9×9 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate array with 10-mm rectangular light-sharing windows (RLSWs) and assembly the detector with nine crystals coupled to one silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) method; this caused DOI-related position shifts in the crystal decoding spots of the flood map. Homogeneous radiation was used to establish transfer functions to convert spot shifts into DOI measurements. The conventional collimated radiation experiments were used to assess the accuracy of the DOI measurements. Flood map results show that 81 segmented crystals can be clearly resolved, including 16 crystals adjacent to two RLSW windows (M-type), 40 crystals adjacent to one RLSW window (E-type), and 25 crystals not adjacent to any RLSW window (C-type). The mean absolute error of all DOI-capable crystals, M-type crystals, and E-type crystals are 2.15 ± 0.61, 1.95 ± 0.50, and 2.23 ± 0.63 mm, respectively. The novel nine-crystals-to-one-SiPM coupling technology is a low cost approach for constructing high-performance DOI detector modules. Detectors using nine-crystals-to-one-SiPM coupling technology are good candidates for high-resolution preclinical PET and for total-body PET.

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An Advanced 100-Channel Readout System for Nuclear Imaging

Cited by 30 publications

References 55 publications

A Novel Portable Gamma Radiation Sensor Based on a Monolithic Lutetium-Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate Ring

A Novel Portable Gamma Radiation Sensor Based on a Monolithic Lutetium-Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate Ring

A depth encoding PET detector using four‐crystals‐to‐one‐SiPM coupling and light‐sharing window method

Depth of Interaction Measurements Based on Rectangular Light Sharing Window Technology and Nine-Crystals-to-One-SiPM Coupling Method

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