An Aggregate Model of Plug-In Electric Vehicles for Primary Frequency Control

Izadkhast, Seyedmahdi; García-González, Pablo; Frías, Pablo

doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2337373

Cited by 151 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Most of the time (typically about 90%) they are plugged into a charging post and can, in principle, provide fast-regulating power in both directions, or just modulate the charging power. A noticeable amount of literature has already been written supporting this statement [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Background and Literature Analysismentioning

confidence: 89%

“…More specifically, primary frequency control (PFC) can be suitably provided by EVs due to their flexible operating mode and ability to seamlessly alter the consuming/ producing power under the V2G concept [12][13][14]. The work described in [15] presents an aggregated PFC model, where a participation factor, dependent on the state-of-charge (SOC), is associated with each EV to determine its droop characteristic. It was shown that EVs can effectively improve the system frequency response, as well as that V2G-capable vehicles have better power response, due to more available primary reserves.…”

Section: Background and Literature Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validating a centralized approach to primary frequency control with series-produced electric vehicles

Marinelli

Martinenas

Knezović

et al. 2016

Journal of Energy Storage

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Section: Background and Literature Analysismentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Background and Literature Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating a centralized approach to primary frequency control with series-produced electric vehicles

Marinelli

Martinenas

Knezović

et al. 2016

Journal of Energy Storage

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“…Specifically, a proportional controller and a high-pass filter were used to adjust the PEV input power in [16,17], respectively, to reduce the battery power capacity required for a stabilized frequency control. A participation factor of PEVs was also determined using statistical data, to reflect their aggregated dynamic response in PFC [18]. In [19], PEVs responded to PFC signals mainly via vehicle-to-grid (V2G) methods.…”

Section: Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Analysis of a DC Electrical System and Controllers for Implementation of a Grid-Interactive Building

Kim

2017

Energies

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As the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems on building rooftops increases, the accumulated effect of the rooftop PV power outputs on electric network operation is no longer negligible. Energy storage resources (ESRs) have been used to smooth PV power outputs, particularly when building load becomes low. In commercial buildings, the batteries of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) can be regarded as distributed ESRs. This paper proposes a DC electrical system in a commercial building that enables PEVs to compensate for rooftop PV power fluctuation and participate in tracking signals for grid frequency regulation (GFR). The proposed building system and associated controllers are modeled considering steady-state and dynamic operations of the PV system and PEV batteries. Simulation case studies are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed building system under various conditions, determined by such factors as the maximum voltage, minimum state-of-charge, and desired charging end-time of PEVs batteries.

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“…In [42], an EEC virtual battery model was developed and applied to analyze the impact of vehicle to grid (V2G) to load frequency control (LFC) in Western Denmark, and the parameters of the virtual battery (such as energy capacity) were derived deterministically based on simple assumptions that 50% of PEVs in the fleet is always available for delivering V2G. In [43] a PEVF is used to simultaneously offer primary and secondary frequency control. The dynamic response of a single PEV is represented as a first-order transfer function and a participation factor for each PEV is used to indicate its availability for primary control.…”

Section: Aggregation Models For Pevf Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Modeling Approaches Applied to Aggregation-Based Fleet Management and Integration of Plug-in Electric Vehicles †

You¹,

Hu²,

Ziras³

2016

Energies

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Abstract:The design and implementation of management policies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) need to be supported by a holistic understanding of the functional processes, their complex interactions, and their response to various changes. Models developed to represent different functional processes and systems are seen as useful tools to support the related studies for different stakeholders in a tangible way. This paper presents an overview of modeling approaches applied to support aggregation-based management and integration of PEVs from the perspective of fleet operators and grid operators, respectively. We start by explaining a structured modeling approach, i.e., a flexible combination of process models and system models, applied to different management and integration studies. A state-of-the-art overview of modeling approaches applied to represent several key processes, such as charging management, and key systems, such as the PEV fleet, is then presented, along with a detailed description of different approaches. Finally, we discuss several considerations that need to be well understood during the modeling process in order to assist modelers and model users in the appropriate decisions of using existing, or developing their own, solutions for further applications.

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An Aggregate Model of Plug-In Electric Vehicles for Primary Frequency Control

Cited by 151 publications

References 12 publications

Validating a centralized approach to primary frequency control with series-produced electric vehicles

Validating a centralized approach to primary frequency control with series-produced electric vehicles

Modeling and Analysis of a DC Electrical System and Controllers for Implementation of a Grid-Interactive Building

An Overview of Modeling Approaches Applied to Aggregation-Based Fleet Management and Integration of Plug-in Electric Vehicles †

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