“…At this level, however, it is possible to take advantage of the intrinsic error masking capabilities of logic gates in order to avoid the explicit introduction of voting elements. With typical gate-level approaches to fault-tolerance (such a s quadded-logic [3] and interwoven-redundancy [4]) logic gates (or subcircuits) are replicated and interconnected in a way that prevents the propagation of logic errors caused by internal faults [3,4,5,6,7]. System-and gate-level techniques preserve the topology of the original system.…”