An alternative evaluation of distribution transformers to achieve the lowest TOC

Loss Evaluation and Total Ownership Cost of Power Transformers—Part I: A Comprehensive Method

“…Electric utilities have acknowledged the need to develop their own loss evaluation formulas for defining the ownership cost, including the cost of losses of power transformers, in the late 1960s [4]. Some of the earlier work for evaluating transformer losses has taken place in the early 1960s and was based on an annual cost approach [5], [6].…”

“…By moving further to divide each term of (3) by DC and inverting it, in order to obtain a percent weight factor for the DC as a function of the system's load factor LF, (4) is obtained (4) where , is the percent weighted demand factor of the operating cost item under study, EC/DC, and CF/LF. Conversely, the percent weight factor for the energy component is given by…”

Environmental cost of distribution transformer losses

“…Transformer users apply TOC method to determine the relative economic benefit of a high-first-cost, lowloss unit versus one with a lower first cost and higher losses [19,20]. Transformer manufacturers use TOC method to optimize the design and provide the most economical transformer to bid and manufacture [21,22]. This paper analyzes the impact of the environmental cost of transformer losses on the economic evaluation of distribution transformers.…”

A heuristic solution to the transformer manufacturing cost optimization problem

“…The aim of the transformer design is to completely obtain the dimensions of all the parts of the transformer in order to furnish these data to the manufacturer [4]. The transformer design should be carried out based on the given specification, using available materials economically in order to achieve lower cost, lower weight, reduced size and better operating performance [1].…”