An Alternative Perspective: A Critical Evaluation of the Waddell Threshold Extrapolation Model in Chemical Carcinogenesis

Haseman, Joseph K.

doi:10.1080/01926230390228940

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Application of Waddell's log linear extrapolation procedure would produce a threshold dose of 47.8 mg/kg, well above a dose (37.5 mg/kg) observed to produce a significant ( p < 0.05) increase in cancer risk. Other similar examples could be cited using both real and hypothetical data (3,4) to illustrate the artifactually high "thresholds" produced by the Waddell log linear extrapolation method.…”

Section: Response To Waddell and Rozmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The letters of Waddell (8) and Rozman (6) provide an excellent illustration of why their log linear threshold-based extrapolation model has received such broad-based criticism from statisticians/risk assessors (1)(2)(3)(4), toxicologists (5), and chemists. Waddell and Rozman attempt to dismiss such criticism as reflecting a lack of understanding of the fundamental laws of chemistry, whereas in fact their letters (6,8) reveal a somewhat simplistic view of chemical carcinogenesis and the risk assessment process.…”

Section: Response To Waddell and Rozmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response to Waddell & Rozman

Haseman

2003

Toxicol Pathol

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Section: Response To Waddell and Rozmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Response To Waddell and Rozmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to Waddell & Rozman

Haseman

2003

Toxicol Pathol

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“…The software package Graph Pad, for instance, suggests using a value about 2 log units below the lowest``real'' X value on a log X scale. The presentation of data using dose metrics and its eŠect on low dose extrapolation has resulted in considerable debate between Waddell and others (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36).…”

Section: Transformationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis of Studies to Demonstrate a Threshold in Genetic Toxicology: A Mini-review

Lovell

2008

Genes and Environment

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A mechanistic understanding of genotoxicity is important for the risk assessment of the exposure of human populations to chemicals. The nature of the dose response relationship at low doses is valuable information in the evaluation of the biological importance of such exposures. A range of mathematical and statistical approaches have been used to try to characterize responses at these low doses. Methods include mathematical models which do or do not include thresholds and statistical methods which try to identify No-observable eŠect levels (NOELs). It is important to appreciate that determination of an NOEL is not evidence for a threshold. There is an increasing appreciation of the potential to identify`pragmatic' thresholds using experimental systems with a range of biomarkers. The accurate characterization and estimation of these doseresponse relationships requires careful experimental design which can improve the accuracy of the estimates of the response while avoiding the introduction of artifactual eŠects. Statistical approaches such as Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology, which builds on the traditional factorial design, can provide e‹cient approaches for the description and estimation of dose-response relationships of both individual and combinations of agents. Estimation approaches such as the benchmark dose methodology and the concept of thresholds of toxicological concern provide practical methods for addressing the threshold problem.Key words: statistics, experimental design, threshold, genotoxicity IntroductionThe objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the statistical and experimental design issues involved in the design and interpretation of studies to identify thresholds associated with exposure to genotoxic agents.It has become an axiom that genotoxic chemicals induce DNA damage at any level of exposure and do not have a threshold in their dose-response relationships. Madle et al. (1), for instance, stated that``...it is generally agreed that there are no thresholds for genotoxic eŠects of chemicals, i.e., that there are no doses without genotoxic eŠects.'' This concept is the basis of risk assessment strategies for chemicals with genotoxic potential. These consider that genotoxic carcinogens do not have a threshold while those that act by non-genotoxic mechanisms may have a threshold (the default assumption in other areas of toxicology). Chemicals with thresholds are regulated via limit values such as ADI (Allowable Daily Intake) or TDIs (Tolerable Daily Intake) while non-thresholded chemicals are regulated using concepts such as ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practical) or ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable). (For recent reviews, see (2,3)).Genetic damage can be gene mutation, chromosome damage (clastogenicity) and chromosome loss (aneuogenicity) and is detected by batteries of short-term mutagenicity tests. Increasingly, some aneuogens, based upon their mechanism of action (MOA), are considered to have thresholds but that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, gene mutag...

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“…The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the rodent bioassay, especially with more meaningful data on low-dose effects (Haseman, 2003) will give a clue to their human carcinogenic potential. Non-genotoxic carcinogens will be evaluated by short to subchronic studies in combination with molecular pathology (Boorman et al, 2002;Preston, 2002).…”

Section: Comments On Tobacco-smoke Carcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%