An analysis of bivalve larval shell pigments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Thompson, Christine M.; North, Elizabeth W.; White, Sheri N.; Gallager, Scott M.

doi:10.1002/jrs.4470

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Raman spectroscopy of bivalve larval shells has been shown to differentiate among different families or orders . In this study, comparison of two taxonomic groups (Imparidentia versus Pteriomorphia) shows that species from both groups with the same shell colour have very similar Raman signatures, with the exception of brown shells and yellow shells (Figure ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

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Colour in bivalve shells: Using resonance Raman spectroscopy to compare pigments at different phylogenetic levels

Wade

Pugh

Nightingale

et al. 2019

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Several studies have suggested that shell colour may be phylogenetically distributed within the phylum Mollusca, but this pattern is confounded by our ignorance of the homology of colour and lack of understanding about the identity of most molluscan pigments. We use resonance Raman spectroscopy to address this problem by examining bivalve pigments producing a range of colours and compare spectra from taxa at different phylogenetic levels. The spectra of most shell pigments exhibited a skeletal signature typical of partially methylated polyenes, possibly modified carotenoids, with the strongest peaks occurring between 1,501–1,540 cm−1 and 1,117–1,144 cm−1 due to the C═C (ν1) and C–C (ν2) stretching modes, respectively. Neither pigment class nor mineral structure differentiated Imparidentia and Pteriomorphia. Spectral acquisitions for purple pigments for two species of Asaphis suggest that identical or nearly identical pigments are shared within this genus, and some red pigments from distantly related species have similar spectra. Conversely, two species with brown shells have distinctly different pigments, highlighting the difficulty in determining the homology of colour even within a single class of pigments. Curiously, we were unable to detect any Raman activity for green‐coloured shell or pigment peaks for the yellow area of Codakia paytenorum, suggesting that these colours are due to structural elements or a pigment that is quite different from those observed in other taxa examined to date. Our results are consistent with the idea that classes of pigments are evolutionarily ancient but heritable modifications may be specific to clades.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Raman spectroscopy has previously been used in a broad range of molluscan shell pigment studies and to detect pigments in freshwater pearls . These studies identified most shell pigments as polyenes, in some cases suggesting that molluscan shell pigments are unsubstituted polyacetylenes, possibly of the carotenoid class of compounds .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colour in bivalve shells: Using resonance Raman spectroscopy to compare pigments at different phylogenetic levels

Wade

Pugh

Nightingale

et al. 2019

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…(e) Raman spectra at the focal plane of the M. mercenaria larval shell acquired using the 60Â water immersion objective. The spectral peak at wavenumber 1131 is attributed to shell pigments previously reported for this species [19]. (f ) Raman spectra of a C. virginica larval shell.…”

Section: Polymorph Composition Of the Shellmentioning

confidence: 90%

In vivo characterization of bivalve larval shells: a confocal Raman microscopy study

Ramesh

Melzner

Griffith

et al. 2018

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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confocal Raman microscopy (CRM), polarized light microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine if a significant amount of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) exists within larval shells of Baltic mytilid mussels (-like) and whether the amount of ACC varies during larval development. No evidence for ACC was found from the onset of shell deposition at 21 h post-fertilization (hpf) until 48 hpf. Larval shells were crystalline from 21 hpf onwards and exhibited CRM and FTIR peaks characteristic of aragonite. Prior to shell deposition at 21 hpf, no evidence for carbonates was observed through CRM. We further analysed the composition of larval shells in three other bivalve species, , and and observed no evidence for ACC, which is in contrast to previous work on the same species. Our findings indicate that larval bivalve shells are composed of crystalline aragonite and we demonstrate that conflicting results are related to sub-optimal measurements and misinterpretation of CRM spectra. Our results demonstrate that the common perception that ACC generally occurs as a stable and abundant precursor during larval bivalve calcification needs to be critically reviewed.

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“…Such studies are becoming increasingly popular for the identification of shell pigments (e.g. [ 7 , 27 – 30 , 51 , 54 , 80 , 81 ]) and we identify here some potential issues with distinguishing between polyenes and porphyrins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Shell Colour Pigments in Marine Snails Clanculus pharaonius and C. margaritarius (Trochoidea; Gastropoda)

et al. 2016

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Colour and pattern are key traits with important roles in camouflage, warning and attraction. Ideally, in order to begin to understand the evolution and ecology of colour in nature, it is important to identify and, where possible, fully characterise pigments using biochemical methods. The phylum Mollusca includes some of the most beautiful exemplars of biological pigmentation, with the vivid colours of sea shells particularly prized by collectors and scientists alike. Biochemical studies of molluscan shell colour were fairly common in the last century, but few of these studies have been confirmed using modern methods and very few shell pigments have been fully characterised. Here, we use modern chemical and multi-modal spectroscopic techniques to identify two porphyrin pigments and eumelanin in the shell of marine snails Clanculus pharaonius and C margaritarius. The same porphyrins were also identified in coloured foot tissue of both species. We use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to show definitively that these porphyrins are uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrin III. Evidence from confocal microscopy analyses shows that the distribution of porphyrin pigments corresponds to the striking pink-red of C. pharaonius shells, as well as pink-red dots and lines on the early whorls of C. margaritarius and yellow-brown colour of later whorls. Additional HPLC results suggest that eumelanin is likely responsible for black spots. We refer to the two differently coloured porphyrin pigments as trochopuniceus (pink-red) and trochoxouthos (yellow-brown) in order to distinguish between them. Trochopuniceus and trochoxouthos were not found in the shell of a third species of the same superfamily, Calliostoma zizyphinum, despite its superficially similar colouration, suggesting that this species has different shell pigments. These findings have important implications for the study of colour and pattern in molluscs specifically, but in other taxa more generally, since this study shows that homology of visible colour cannot be assumed without identification of pigments.

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An analysis of bivalve larval shell pigments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

Colour in bivalve shells: Using resonance Raman spectroscopy to compare pigments at different phylogenetic levels

Colour in bivalve shells: Using resonance Raman spectroscopy to compare pigments at different phylogenetic levels

In vivo characterization of bivalve larval shells: a confocal Raman microscopy study

Identification of Shell Colour Pigments in Marine Snails Clanculus pharaonius and C. margaritarius (Trochoidea; Gastropoda)

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