An analytical model for multihop LoRaWAN networks

Cotrim, Jeferson Rodrigues; Kleinschmidt, João Henrique

doi:10.1016/j.iot.2023.100807

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…where P rxi is the receiving end power for the desired packet transmitted by node i and P rxj is the receiving power of the interfering packet sent by node j. P th is the corresponding SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noiseratio) power in dB above which the received power difference needs to be decoded by the receiver, described by the Table 4 [44]. Based on the condition described by expression (22), a connectivity matrix is defined, which is a N × N (0, 1) -matrix, where (i, j) element of the matrix is denoted by • Interference Conditions: Case I: Packets transmitted by the end nodes can interfere on multiple occasions. The first scenario is when two nodes share a gateway and the gateway simultaneously takes in transmitted packets.…”

Section: ) Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy usage of the network consequently rises as its dependability falls. Although the LoRaWAN specification only stipulates a single-hop between end devices and the gateway [13], [14], [15], various studies have proposed multi-hop solutions for network extension or improvements [2], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], where some devices operate as relays, routers, or intermediate gateways. Most commonly, multi-hop communication is employed to increase battery life and network longevity by optimizing the wireless network energy consumption and increasing the coverage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other research work has proposed multi-hop routing to address scalability, capacity, and reliability issues in LoRaWAN networks [31], [32]. The majority of recent research on multihop LoRaWAN has dealt with either real-life deployments of such networks or network models that include relay nodes or router nodes [2], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30]. In this article, we present a model to compare and contrast single-hop and multi-hop networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance Evaluation of Multi-Hop LoRaWAN

et al. 2023

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Although LoRa (radio) technology offers customization of different physical layer transmission parameters such as bandwidth, spreading factor (SF), transmission power, and coding rate to obtain the desired data rate and coverage, the currently preferred single-hop transmission mode cannot simultaneously achieve both. The LoRaWAN community is therefore focusing on multi-hop networks to increase network longevity while extending coverage. In this paper, a detailed mathematical model for a multi-hop network that modifies the Distance Ring Exponential Stations Generator (DRESG) framework is presented. The relay operation is carried out through intermediate gateways, and a distance-based adaptive transmission configuration approach is used. On the basis of the performance metrics, i.e., packet delivery ratio (PDR) and energy usage of end nodes, we compare and contrast the performance characteristics of several routing schemes, including single-hop (SH), next-ring-hop (NRH), and variable-hop (VH) routing. The research covers some core issues, including interference, environmental conditions, and transceiver power constraints, and sets the stage for evaluating various multi-hop LoRa solutions as well as optimizing several implementation factors.

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Section: ) Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance Evaluation of Multi-Hop LoRaWAN

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“…An analytical model was proposed, providing new insights by considering LoRaWAN as a multi-hop technology. The proposed model investigates power consumption and throughput using both single-hop and multi-hop relay networks [26]. The LoRaWAN protocol within the thin linear network has been proposed as a multi-hop solution for monitoring applications.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossip Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks

Liaqat,

Branch,

But

2023

Future Internet

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Linear networks (sometimes called chain-type networks) occur frequently in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, where sensors or actuators are deployed along pipelines, roads, railways, mines, and international borders. LoRa, short for Long Range, is an increasingly important technology for the IoT with great potential for linear networking. Despite its potential, limited research has explored LoRa’s implementation in such networks. In this paper, we addressed two important issues related to LoRa linear networks. The first is contention, when multiple nodes attempt to access a shared channel. Although originally designed to deal with interference, LoRa’s technique of synchronisation with a transmission node permits a novel approach to contention, which we explored. The second issue revolves around routing, where linear networks permit simpler strategies, in contrast to the common routing complexities of mesh networks. We present gossip routing as a very lightweight approach to routing. All our evaluations were carried out using real equipment by developing real networks. We constructed networks of up to three hops in length and up to three nodes in width. We carried out experiments looking at contention and routing. We demonstrate using the novel approach that we could achieve up to 98% throughput. We compared its performance considering collocated scenarios that achieved 84% and 89% throughputby using relay widths of two and three at each hop, respectively. Lastly, we demonstrate the effectiveness of gossip routing by using various transmission probabilities. We noticed high performance up to 98% throughputat Tprob = 0.90 and Tprob = 0.80 by employing two and three active relay nodes, respectively. The experimental result showed that, at Tprob = 0.40, it achieved an average performance of 62.8% and 73.77% by using two and three active relay nodes, respectively. We concluded that LoRa is an excellent technology for Internet of Things applications where sensors and actuators are deployed in an approximately linear fashion.

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Current testing and performance evaluation methodologies of LoRa and LoRaWAN in IoT applications: Classification, issues, and future directives

Alipio,

Bures

2024

Internet of Things

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An analytical model for multihop LoRaWAN networks

Cited by 10 publications

References 27 publications

Performance Evaluation of Multi-Hop LoRaWAN

Performance Evaluation of Multi-Hop LoRaWAN

Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossip Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks

Current testing and performance evaluation methodologies of LoRa and LoRaWAN in IoT applications: Classification, issues, and future directives

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