An analytical model of a single phase DQ-controlled inverter for power system short circuit calculations

Research Roadmap on Grid-Forming Inverters

“…Conversely, traditional grid-following controls typically provide 2 p.u. or less of fault current in steady state, which is limited by the grid-following control scheme (Alvidrez et al 2016) and inverter hardware engineering (e.g., copper conductors, switches, thermal management system). This relative lack of fault current makes the detection and mitigation of fault events more challenging and more susceptible to unwanted tripping events, especially when backflow power is considered.…”

Dynamic Model of Commercially Available Inverters With Validation Against Hardware Testing

“…Moreover, the literature has reported a number of studies that attempted to reflect the response of PV inverters during fault conditions with the aid of simulation models [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Authors in [6,7,8,9,10,11,12] presented detailed models emulating PV inverters under fault conditions, although the latter were not validated against hardware testing.…”

“…Moreover, the literature has reported a number of studies that attempted to reflect the response of PV inverters during fault conditions with the aid of simulation models [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Authors in [6,7,8,9,10,11,12] presented detailed models emulating PV inverters under fault conditions, although the latter were not validated against hardware testing. The modeling work of [6] focuses on the initial fault response of inverter based generation, meaning the peak current during the subtransient period, neglecting the transient period and steadystate behavior.…”