An Anatomical Study of Morphological Variations of the Thyroid Gland

Gaikwad, Shobha; Joshi, R. A.

doi:10.16965/ijar.2016.297

Cited by 4 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The presence of PL could be a source of pitfalls in thyroid surgery, due to its frequency but unreliable preoperative diagnosis on scintigraphic images [1529]. In the present study, the PL was noted in 52.5% of the study subjects, which was closely related with the prevalence of the PL reported by most of the textbooks and cadaveric studies [13612252930]. But this finding was different from studies conducted by Asha et al (0%) [5], Reddy and Panchakshari (21.7%) [6], Gaikwad and Joshi (26.59%) [3], Joshi et al (37.77%) [11], Rajkonwar and Kusre (38.75%) [7], Muktyaz et al (41.0%) [2], Ranade et al (58.0%) [25], and Gurleyik et al (65.7%) [31].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped endocrine gland concerned with regulating basal metabolic rate, blood calcium level and growth and development in mammals [12]. It is situated anteriorly in the neck at the level of the fifth cervical to first thoracic vertebrae deep to the platysma, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles [345]. It has two lateral lobes connected by a narrow median bridge called isthmus [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of all endocrine glands, the thyroid is the first to develop in the embryo [3910]. It begins to develop as a median thickening of endoderm on the floor of the pharynx between the first and the second pharyngeal pouches during the fourth week of gestation [6911].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a short time, the thyroid gland is connected to the tongue by a narrow tube, the thyroglossal duct [12]. At first, the thyroid primordium is hollow, but soon becomes a solid mass of cells and divides into right and left lobes that are connected by the isthmus which lies anterior to second, third, and fourth tracheal rings [13612]. The thyroid gland has assumed its definitive shape and reaches its place below the thyroid cartilage by end of the seventh week [612].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of its embryonic origin the thyroid gland is predisposed to wide range of multiple anatomical variations and developmental anomalies including, pyramidal lobe (PL) or lobe of Lalouette, origin of levator glandulae thyroidae (LGT), absence of isthmus, agenesis, ectopic thyroid, accessory thyroid tissue, and thyroglossal duct cysts [2349111314]. Most of these variations of the thyroid gland are due to a persistence of the thyroglossal duct [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical variations and developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland in Ethiopian population: a cadaveric study

Dessie

2018

Anat Cell Biol

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Because of its embryonic origin, the thyroid gland is predisposed to multiple anatomical variations and developmental anomalies. These include the pyramidal lobe, the origin of levator glandular thyroidae, the absence of the isthmus, ectopic thyroid, accessory thyroid tissues, etc. These anatomical variations are clinically significant to surgeons, anatomists, and researchers. The present study was designed to report anatomical variations and developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland in Ethiopian population. The study was conducted on 40 cadavers used for routine dissection classes. The thyroid gland was exposed and observed for any variations and developmental anomalies. The length, width, and thickness of the lobes were measured using a vernier caliper. Differences in the incidence of pyramidal lobe and absence of the isthmus between sexes were tested using a Pearson chi-square test. The mean length, width, and thickness of the right lobe were 4.24 cm, 1.8 cm, and 1.6 cm, respectively, whereas it was 4.08 cm, 1.8 cm, and 1.6 cm, respectively for that of the left lobe. The pyramidal lobe was noted in 52.5% of the cadavers. The levator glandulae thyroidae were prevalent in 40% of the cadavers. The isthmus mainly overlies the 2nd to 4th tracheal rings and was absent in 7.5% of the cadavers. Accessory thyroid tissue and double pyramidal lobes were noted in 2.5% of the cadavers. Most of the variations of the thyroid gland were seen frequently in female but it was not statically significant. Different clinically important and rare variations of the thyroid gland were found.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical variations and developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland in Ethiopian population: a cadaveric study

Dessie

2018

Anat Cell Biol

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Study of histopathological patterns of thyroid lesions in rural medical college

Narkhede¹,

Fatima²,

Bhople³

2019

JDPO

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Ultrasound Imaging of Cervical Anatomic Variants

Cordes

Coerper

Kuwert

et al. 2021

CMIR

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: Embryologic developmental variants of the thyroid and parathyroid glands may cause cervical anomalies that are detectable in ultrasound examinations of the neck. For some of these developmental variants, molecular genetic factors have been identified. Ultrasound, as the first-line imaging procedure, has proven useful in detecting clinically relevant anatomic variants. The aim of this article was to systematically summarize the ultrasound characteristics of developmental variants of the thyroid and parathyroid glands as well as ectopic thymus and neck cysts. Quantitative measures were developed based on our own findings and the respective literature. Developmental anomalies frequently manifest as cysts that can be detected by cervical ultrasound examinations. Median neck cysts are the most common congenital cervical cystic lesions, with a reported prevalence of 7% in the general population. Besides cystic malformations, developmental anomalies may appear as ectopic or dystopic tissue. Ectopic thyroid tissue is observed in the midline of the neck in most patients and has a prevalence of 1/100,000 to 1/300,000. Lingual thyroid accounts for 90% of cases of ectopic thyroid tissue. Zuckerkandl tubercles (ZTs) have been detected in 55% of all thyroid lobes. Prominent ZTs are frequently observed in thyroid lobes affected by autoimmune thyroiditis compared with normal lobes or nodular lobes (P = 0.006). The correct interpretation of the ultrasound characteristics of these variants is essential to establish the clinical diagnosis. In the preoperative assessment, the identification of these cervical anomalies via ultrasound examination is indispensable.

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An Anatomical Study of Morphological Variations of the Thyroid Gland

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Anatomical variations and developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland in Ethiopian population: a cadaveric study

Anatomical variations and developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland in Ethiopian population: a cadaveric study

Study of histopathological patterns of thyroid lesions in rural medical college

Ultrasound Imaging of Cervical Anatomic Variants

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