An application of LOTEM around salt dome near Houston, Texas

Paembonan, Andri Yadi; Arjwech, Rungroj; Davydycheva, Sofia; Smirnov, Maxim; Strack, K. M.

doi:10.1063/1.4990893

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Once all input parameters were verified (including onset time, transmitter current used for normalization, waveform period, and type of waveform), a three-point delay filter was applied to ensure waveform symmetry. Initially, we tested parameters with various other filters described in [22,48,50,51], but in the end, there were sufficient statistics that stacking rejected most noise.…”

Section: Csem and Mt Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Electromagnetic Methods for Reservoir Monitoring with Emphasis on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

Barajas-Olalde,

Adams,

Curcio

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The Controlled-Source ElectroMagnetic (CSEM) method provides crucial information about reservoir fluids and their spatial distribution. Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), geothermal exploration, and lithium exploration are ideal applications for the CSEM method. The versatility of CSEM permits its customization to specific reservoir objectives by selecting the appropriate components of a multi-component system. To effectively tailor the CSEM approach, it is essential to determine whether the primary target reservoir is resistive or conductive. This task is relatively straightforward in CO2 monitoring, where the injected fluid is resistive. However, for scenarios involving brine-saturated (water-wet) or oil-wet (carbon capture, utilization, and storage—CCUS) reservoirs, consideration must also be given to conductive reservoir components. The optimization of data acquisition before the survey involves analyzing target parameters and the sensitivity of multi-component CSEM. This optimization process typically includes on-site noise measurements and 3D anisotropic modeling. Based on our experience, subsequent surveys tend to proceed smoothly, yielding robust measurements that align with scientific objectives. Other critical aspects to be considered are using magnetotelluric (MT) measurements to define the overall background resistivities and integrating real-time quality assurance during data acquisition with 3D modeling. This integration allows the fine tuning of acquisition parameters such as acquisition time and necessary repeats. As a result, data can be examined in real-time to assess subsurface information content while the acquisition is ongoing. Consequently, high-quality data sets are usually obtained for subsequent processing and initial interpretation with minimal user intervention. The implementation of sensitivity analysis during the inversion process plays a pivotal role in ensuring that the acquired data accurately respond to the target reservoirs’ expected depth range. To elucidate these concepts, we present an illustrative example from a CO2 storage site in North Dakota, USA, wherein the long-offset transient electromagnetic method (LOTEM), a variation of the CSEM method, and the MT method were utilized. This example showcases how surface measurements attain appropriately upscaled log-scale sensitivity. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the CSEM and MT methods was examined in other case histories, where the target reservoirs exhibited conductive properties, such as those encountered in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), geothermal, and lithium exploration applications. The same equipment specifications were utilized for CSEM and MT surveys across all case studies.

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Section: Csem and Mt Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Electromagnetic Methods for Reservoir Monitoring with Emphasis on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

Barajas-Olalde,

Adams,

Curcio

et al. 2023

Minerals

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…Following, we consider first a reservoir example and then look at a field test. For a realistic example, we calculated a 3D model for the different CSEM methodologies using a 3D EM modeling software CSEMulator [75,76]. Figure 9 shows the response of two 3D reservoir targets at 2.5 km depth.…”

Section: Controlled Source Electromagnetics (Csem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The test site is near Houston at the edge of Hockley salt dome. The data were processed using the software workflow described below [76], inverted with 1D (where possible), imaged with various algorithms, and subsequently modeled in 3D. Figure 10 shows a compilation of the 3D model that matches the data.…”

Section: Controlled Source Electromagnetics (Csem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Array Multi-Physics Acquisition System with Focus on Reservoir Monitoring for the Energy Transition

2022

EESRR

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During the energy transition, geophysics will need to focus on novel green energy applications and to reduce the carbon footprint of hydrocarbon production. For both reservoir, monitoring is important, in particular dynamic monitoring of reservoir fluids. For renewable energies such as geothermal, electromagnetics has always been the geophysical ‘work horse’, while mostly microseismic has been used for monitoring. For hydrocarbon reservoirs, added value toward ZERO carbon footprint is obtained by increasing the recovery factor by of 30-40 % and thus reducing the cost/carbon emission per produced barrel. In addition, CO2 is sequestered in brine saturated reservoirs and also needs to be monitored. We are addressing the fluid monitoring issue here for electromagnetics and are reviewing how hardware, methodology and application are interlinked to build a complete system. Various applications and case histories where the results can be verified by borehole logs support this. The key issue is that our measurement need to respond to geologic realistic Earth formations which are, generally speaking, anisotropic. We direct the entire design of the system in solving that problem with direc-tional sensitive measurements. Next, when we want to monitor reservoir change we require a repeatability and accuracy hereto not necessary. By carefully controlling the entire hardware design from sensor to applications stage this can be achieved and we can obtain log scale resolution from surface measurement which was hereto not possible.

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“…The test site was near Houston at the edge of Hockley salt dome. The data were processed using the software workflow described below [65], inverted with 1D (where possible), imaged with various algorithms, and subsequently modeled in 3D. Figure 11 shows a compilation of the 3D model that matches the data.…”

Section: Figure 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Array Multi-Physics Acquisition System with Focus on Reservoir Monitoring

Strack¹,

Paembonan²,

Davydycheva³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Focusing geophysics to improve recovery factor of hydrocarbon reservoirs adds value and contributes toward ZERO carbon footprint by increasing the recovery factor by of 30-40 % and thus reducing the cost/carbon emission per produced barrel. Thus, the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) market is expected to grow more than 3.5% annually. This will be even more fueled by the Green-House-Gas (GHG) reduction and subsequent CO2 injection into the reservoirs as they are being produced. Presently, geophysics only ac-counts for a small percentage of this market, thus its growth is inevitable since more deterministic observation lead higher operating efficiency. Imaging the fluids (hydro-carbon, water, and CO2) is a key component to optimized production and injection. We designed a novel electromagnetic (EM) acquisition system that combines mul-ti-physics fluid imaging and acquires surface and borehole data with high fidelity. Borehole calibration is needed to upscale reservoir data and parameters to measurement scale. Multiple electromagnetic methods are used as well as microseismics in one layout for Exploration and Production (E & P) problems. Multi-components in electromagnetics allows resolving oil and water-bearing zones equally well while achieving the best ac-curacy suitable for repeat measurements. Because sedimentary basins are intrinsically anisotropic, considering 3-dimensional anisotropy is essential from measurement and 3D modeling viewpoint. Thus, the results have the better subsurface images. Here, we combine hardware design, methodology, 3D modeling, processing, and interpretations into an integrated technology and demonstrate the success with verifiable case histories.

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An application of LOTEM around salt dome near Houston, Texas

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Application of Electromagnetic Methods for Reservoir Monitoring with Emphasis on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

Application of Electromagnetic Methods for Reservoir Monitoring with Emphasis on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

An Array Multi-Physics Acquisition System with Focus on Reservoir Monitoring for the Energy Transition

An Array Multi-Physics Acquisition System with Focus on Reservoir Monitoring

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