An Approach to Information Hiding in Low Bit-Rate Speech Stream

Xiao, Bo; Huang, Yudong; Tang, Shanyu

doi:10.1109/glocom.2008.ecp.375

Cited by 97 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…As a result, much additive quantization noise is inevitably introduced in the embedding procedure. Xiao et al (2008) proposed a QIM based complementary neighbor vertex (CNV) algorithm utilizing Euclidean distance for codebook division. This algorithm takes the feature of codeword quantization into account, and decreases the introduced speech quality distortion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighbor-index-division steganography based on QIM method for G.723.1 speech streams

Liu

Tian

Lü

et al. 2015

J Ambient Intell Human Comput

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Quantization index modulation (QIM) is a commonly used steganography method exploiting redundancy in codebook quantization procedure of signal encoding. The feasibility of steganography based on QIM depends on codebook division algorithm which mainly determines embedding capacity, latency and complexity of embedding and extracting algorithm. A novel neighborindex-division (NID) codebook division method with a simple and more security implementation for G.723.1 speech streams is proposed. Differing from existing complementary neighbor vertices (CNV) algorithm, NID divides neighbor-indexed codewords into separated subcodebooks (partitions) combined with a suitable stego coding strategy. Moreover, NID method makes multiple division (k sub-codebooks, k C 3) for one single codebook possible, thus increases embedding capacity. To take full advantage of the partitions especially for odd-numbered division, multi-ary coding strategy is introduced in embedding and extracting procedures. Experimental results demonstrate that proposed method has almost the same distortion compared with CNV in binary division condition but a much easier implementation and introduces flexible multiple division methods which is more suitable for practical covert communication applications. Further, by applying a commonly used COV(1, 3, 2) stego coding strategy, NID is able to resist the state-of-art steganalysis towards QIM with a still practical embedding rate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighbor-index-division steganography based on QIM method for G.723.1 speech streams

Liu

Tian

Lü

et al. 2015

J Ambient Intell Human Comput

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show abstract

“…Owing to the advantages of low cost and flexible advanced digital features, VoIP became a popular alternative to the public-switched telephone network (PSTN), and extensive research on it was conducted [5]. In recent years, many researchers have carried out useful research on steganography over VoIP, such as prototype implementations of steganography over VoIP [6−10], a lossless steganography method for µ-law of G 711 [11], a steganography method named LACK using the lost VoIP packets [12], an adaptive steganography method using partial similarity [13], an m-sequence based steganography model [14], and a codebook partition based steganography method [15]. Differing from the previous studies, encoding strategies used to enhance the embedding performance were investigated in this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic matrix encoding strategy for voice-over-IP steganography

Tian

Zhou

Feng

2010

J. Cent. South Univ. Technol.

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In order to optionally regulate embedding capacity and embedding transparency according to user's requirements in voice-over-IP (VoIP) steganography, a dynamic matrix encoding strategy (DMES) was presented. Differing from the traditional matrix encoding strategy, DMES dynamically chose the size of each message group in a given set of adoptable message sizes. The appearance possibilities of all adoptable sizes were set in accordance with the desired embedding performance (embedding rate or bit-change rate). Accordingly, a searching algorithm that could provide an optimal combination of appearance possibilities was proposed. Furthermore, the roulette wheel algorithm was employed to determine the size of each message group according to the optimal combination of appearance possibilities. The effectiveness of DMES was evaluated in StegVoIP, which is a typical covert communication system based on VoIP. The experimental results demonstrate that DMES can adjust embedding capacity and embedding transparency effectively and flexibly, and achieve the desired embedding performance in any case. For the desired embedding rate, the average errors are not more than 0.000 8, and the standard deviations are not more than 0.002 0; for the desired bit-change rate, the average errors are not more than 0.001 4, and the standard deviations are not more than 0.002 6.

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“…codecs was suggested in our previous papers [20] [21]. According to the steganographic algorithm, the Least Significant Bits (LSBs) of some parameters of the G.723.1 codec can be replaced with secret messages.…”

Section: Voip Applications With Covert Channelsmentioning

confidence: 99%