An appropriate way to predict fetal gender at first trimester: anogenital distance

Sipahi, Mehmet; Tokgöz, Vehbi Yavuz; Tosun, Şebnem Alanya

doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1424131

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Recent studies reported significantly different AGD values between races, recommending that population-specific normative values are needed for accurate clinical assessment. 9,10 These factors support the rationale for conducting this study.…”

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confidence: 56%

“…5,6 Anogenital distance (AGD) is a recently introduced sonographic marker of fetal gender. [7][8][9][10][11] It is based on measuring the distance between the anus and the base of the genital tubercle in the perineal region. 12 Anogenital distance is sexually dimorphic since its length is dependent on hormonal levels.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…14 In humans, sonographically measured AGD successfully dichotomized male and female fetuses. [7][8][9][10][11]15 In these studies, AGD measurement was a safe, non-invasive, and relatively cheap method of early gender identification. However, AGD measurement lacks the required validation in large samples from different populations.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester

Alfuraih

Alotaiby

Alsaadi

et al. 2021

SMJ

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5.92( ‫اإلناث‬ ‫األجنة‬ ‫بني‬ AGD ‫متوسط‬ ‫في‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫فرق‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫كان‬ ‫النتائج:‬ 15% ‫بحوالي‬ )]7.00 ، 6.61[ ‫مم‬ 6.80( ‫والذكور‬ )]6.14 ، 6.70[ ‫مم‬ ‫ومع‬ )r=0.573، p<0.001( ‫احلمل‬ ‫عمر‬ ‫مع‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫مرتبط‬ )p<0.001( ‫بأن‬ ‫اللوجستي‬ ‫االنحدار‬ ‫أشار‬ .)CRL )r=0.562، p<0.001 ‫اجلنني‬ ‫طول‬ ‫أن‬ ROC ‫حتليل‬ ‫أظهر‬ ‫ذلك،‬ ‫ومع‬ .)p<0.001( ‫للجنس‬ ‫مؤثر‬ ‫متنبئ‬ ‫كان‬ AGD ‫و‬ )p<0.001( 70٪ ‫و‬ )p=0.001( 68% ‫عند‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫الكلية‬ ‫الدقة‬ ‫كان‬ ‫التوالي.‬ ‫على‬ ‫احلمل‬ ‫من‬ ً ‫أسبوعا‬ 13 ‫و‬ 12 ‫و‬ 11 ‫ألعمار‬ )p=0.017( 64% ‫األخرى.‬ ‫األجناس‬ ‫من‬ ‫األدبيات‬ ‫في‬ ‫ورد‬ ‫مما‬ ‫أطول‬ ‫السعوديات‬ ‫احلوامل‬ ‫لدى‬ AGD CI 95%[ 0.896 ‫عند‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫جوهري‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫اتفاق‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫القارئ‬ ‫استنساخ‬ ‫قابلية‬ ‫أظهرت‬ .]0.845-0.930

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confidence: 99%

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Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester

Alfuraih

Alotaiby

Alsaadi

et al. 2021

SMJ

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“…As in rodents, human males have a longer AGD than females at birth/during childhood and adulthood [10][11][12][13][14] (Figure 1). This sex difference first emerges at 11-13 weeks' gestation and becomes maximally different (1.7-to 2-fold) by 17-20 weeks' gestation, whether measured directly in abortuses [15,16] or in utero by ultrasound [17][18][19][20][21]. Thus, if the male-female difference in AGD is determined in humans in a MPW, as it is in rodents, this clearly locates the MPW in the 1st trimester, probably within the period 8-14 weeks' gestation [7,10] (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human–rodent differences

Sharpe

2020

Biochemical Society Transactions

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Human male reproductive disorders are common and may have a fetal origin — the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) hypothesis. In rats, experimentally induced TDS disorders result from disruption of fetal androgen production/action specifically in the masculinization programming window (MPW). MPW androgen action also programs longer anogenital distance (AGD) in male versus female rats; shorter male AGD is correlated with risk and severity of induced TDS disorders. AGD thus provides a lifelong, calibrated readout of MPW androgen exposure and predicts likelihood of reproductive dysfunction. Pregnant rat exposure to environmental chemicals, notably certain phthalates (e.g. diethyl hexl phthalate, DEHP; dibutyl phthalate, DBP), pesticides or paracetamol, can reduce fetal testis testosterone and AGD and induce TDS disorders, provided exposure includes the MPW. In humans, AGD is longer in males than females and the presumptive MPW is 8–14 weeks’ gestation. Some, but not all, epidemiological studies of maternal DEHP (or pesticides) exposure reported shorter AGD in sons, but this occurred at DEHP exposure levels several thousand-fold lower than are effective in rats. In fetal human testis culture/xenografts, DEHP/DBP do not reduce testosterone production, whereas therapeutic paracetamol exposure does. In humans, androgen production in the MPW is controlled differently (human chorionic gonadotrophin-driven) than in rats (paracrine controlled), and other organs (placenta, liver, adrenals) contribute to MPW androgens, essential for normal masculinization, via the ‘backdoor pathway’. Consequently, early placental dysfunction, which is affected by maternal lifestyle and diet, and maternal painkiller use, may be more important than environmental chemical exposures in the origin of TDS in humans.

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“…Although there is a lack of statistical evidence on this male-female difference before and during adolescence, the difference has been shown to be maintained throughout adulthood. The difference has been observed in firsttrimester fetuses by transabdominal ultrasound, and a shorter AGD in male fetuses indicates diseases associated with testicular dysplasia syndrome (3)(4)(5). According to rodent models and human data, the AGD of an individual changes as their body grows (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Anogenital Distance and Gynecological Disorders: Endometriosis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2021

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Background and AimAnogenital distance (AGD) can serve as a life-long indicator of androgen action in gestational weeks 8–14. AGD has been used as an important tool to investigate the exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds in newborns and in individuals with male reproductive disorder. Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are two common gynecological disorders and both are related to prenatal androgen levels. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to evaluate the relationships of AGD with these gynecological disorders.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for published studies up to January 25, 2021. No language restriction was implemented.ResultsTen studies were included in this review. Five focused on women with endometriosis, and six investigated women with PCOS. According to these studies, PCOS patients had longer AGD than controls, while endometriosis patients had shorter AGD than controls. In conclusion, this study provides a detailed and accurate review of the associations of AGD with endometriosis and PCOS.ConclusionThe current findings indicate the longer AGD was related to PCOS and shorter AGD was related to endometriosis. However, further well-designed studies are needed to corroborate the current findings.

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An appropriate way to predict fetal gender at first trimester: anogenital distance

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester

Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester

Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human–rodent differences

A Systematic Review of Anogenital Distance and Gynecological Disorders: Endometriosis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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