An assisting, constrained 3D navigation technique for multiscale virtual 3D city models

Hildebrandt, Dieter; Timm, Robert M.

doi:10.1007/s10707-013-0189-8

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Routing is a traditional 2D use case that is gaining more importance in 3D city models since they may be used for outdoor navigation [343]. Slingsby and Raper [344] investigate pedestrian navigation enhanced by data not available in 2D, such as ramps and steps.…”

Section: Routingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Biljecki

Stoter

Ledoux

et al. 2015

IJGI

628

380

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In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across multiple domains based on a comprehensive literature study including hundreds of research papers, technical reports and online resources. A challenge in a study such as ours is that the ways in which 3D city models are used cannot be readily listed due to fuzziness, terminological ambiguity, unclear added-value of 3D geoinformation in some instances, and absence of technical information. To address this challenge, we delineate a hierarchical terminology (spatial operations, use cases, applications), and develop a theoretical reasoning to segment and categorise the diverse uses of 3D city models. Following this framework, we provide a list of identified use cases of 3D city models (with a description of each), and their applications. Our study demonstrates that 3D city models are employed in at least 29 use cases that are a part of more than 100 applications. The classified inventory could be useful for scientists as well as stakeholders in the geospatial industry, such as companies and national mapping agencies, as it may serve as a reference document to better position their operations, design product portfolios, and to better understand the market.

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Section: Routingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Biljecki

Stoter

Ledoux

et al. 2015

IJGI

628

380

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“…In particular, previous systems lack exploiting IReps as characterized in this work. As additional differences to previous work, the introduced architecture integrates a novel navigation technique for V3DCMs exploiting IReps [9]. Moreover, it applies the idea of separating and distributing view-independent and view-dependent computations to improve efficiency.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common 2D web map viewers apply this general principle. Applications, such as 3D navigation techniques can analyze IReps in an efficient, output-sensitive manner to facilitate camera motion in the 3D model without collisions and to evaluate views for best view selection [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A Novel View Service (NVS) [8] interactively renders novel views from specified viewpoints and input IViews. As a supplementary application of the SRA, we propose an interactive navigation technique for V3DCMs that exploits IViews [9]. This article briefly introduces the approaches in the context of the SRA while respective publications provide details.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Software Reference Architecture for Service-Oriented 3D Geovisualization Systems

Hildebrandt

2014

IJGI

Self Cite

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Modern 3D geovisualization systems (3DGeoVSs) are complex and evolving systems that are required to be adaptable and leverage distributed resources, including massive geodata. This article focuses on 3DGeoVSs built based on the principles of service-oriented architectures, standards and image-based representations (SSI) to address practically relevant challenges and potentials. Such systems facilitate resource sharing and agile and efficient system construction and change in an interoperable manner, while exploiting images as efficient, decoupled and interoperable representations. The software architecture of a 3DGeoVS and its underlying visualization model have strong effects on the system's quality attributes and support various system life cycle activities. This article contributes a software reference architecture (SRA) for 3DGeoVSs based on SSI that can be used to design, describe and analyze concrete software architectures with the intended primary benefit of an increase in effectiveness and efficiency in such activities. The SRA integrates existing, proven technology and novel contributions in a unique manner. As the foundation for the SRA, we propose the generalized visualization pipeline model that generalizes and overcomes expressiveness limitations of the prevalent visualization pipeline model. To facilitate exploiting image-based representations (IReps), the SRA integrates approaches for the representation, provisioning and styling of and interaction with IReps. Five applications of the SRA provide proofs of concept for the general applicability and utility of the SRA. A qualitative evaluation indicates the overall suitability of the SRA, its applications and the general approach of building 3DGeoVSs based on SSI.

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“…see the series from Blom ASA (2011)), which might increase the ambiguity; (3) the increase in quantity of data sets with non-homogenous LODs (Fan et al, 2014;Touya and Reimer, 2015;Arroyo Ohori et al, 2015a); and (4) use cases have different requirements when it comes to the complexity and quality of the data. Furthermore, the number of 3D use cases is rapidly increasing (Biljecki et al, 2015b), for instance-solar potential estimation (Freitas et al, 2015), studying the thermal characteristics of the outdoor space (Maragkogiannis et al, 2014), firefighting simulations (Chen et al, 2014), and advances in multi-scale navigation (Hildebrandt and Timm, 2014). Each of these use cases may have different requirements when it comes to the LOD of the models.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

Biljecki

Ledoux

Stoter

2016

Computers, Environment and Urban Systems

350

176

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The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in practice principally used to indicate the geometric detail of a model, primarily of buildings. Despite the popularity and the general acceptance of this categorisation, we argue in this paper that from a geometric point of view the five LODs are insufficient and that their specification is ambiguous.We solve these shortcomings with a better definition of LODs and their refinement. Hereby we present a refined set of 16 LODs focused on the grade of the exterior geometry of buildings, which provide a stricter specification and allow less modelling freedom. This series is a result of an exhaustive research into currently available 3D city models, production workflows, and capabilities of acquisition techniques. Our specification also includes two hybrid models that reflect common acquisition practices. The new LODs are in line with the LODs of CityGML 2.0, and are intended to supplement, rather than replace the geometric part of the current specification. While in our paper we focus on the geometric aspect of the models, our specification is compatible with different levels of semantic granularity. Furthermore, the improved LODs can be considered format-agnostic.Among other benefits, the refined specification could be useful for companies for a better definition of their product portfolios, and for researchers to specify data requirements when presenting use cases of 3D city models. We support our refined LODs with experiments, proving their uniqueness by showing that each yields a different result in a 3D spatial operation.Keywords: Level of detail; 3D city modelling; 3D GIS; 3D building models; CityGML; Scale Highlights• CityGML LODs are an industry standard for conveying the grade of 3D city models.• The 5 LODs are not defined precisely, and they are not sufficient for this purpose.• We present a refined series of 16 LODs that overcomes these issues.

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An assisting, constrained 3D navigation technique for multiscale virtual 3D city models

Cited by 19 publications

References 41 publications

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

A Software Reference Architecture for Service-Oriented 3D Geovisualization Systems

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

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