An autonomous field sensor for Total Coliform and E.coli monitoring at remote sites

A Sensitive Voltammetric Biosensor forEscherichia ColiDetection Using an Electroactive Substrate for $\beta$ -D-Glucuronidase

“…First positive results were obtained with the E. coli strains ATCC 12651, 23226, 15766 and 11775 (data not shown) [48]. Through implementation of the stated improvements our designed assay could displace the so far available biosensor instruments on the market for E. coli detection [49]- [54].…”

Monitoring Approaches for Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Water: Visioning a Remote Real-Time Sensor for E. coli and Enterococci

“…A laboratory-in-vial water monitoring system is a type of biosensor calibrated to detect target indicators, including E. coli and enterococci, with minimal human interaction. With in situ or portable capability, it generally processes samples within its compartments by applying specific bioreagents to samples and, after incubation, measurements made through fluorescence or other optical devices over a specific time frame and/or measurement interval [19,104,105].…”

“…Furthermore, the reagent has a minimum 3-month stability period when stored in the instrument [19]. Similarly, a self-contained and fully waterproof system with a fully autonomous microbiological alert sensor (AMAS), configurable by a cell phone or cloud interface quantified beach quality monitoring levels (200 CFU/100 mL) for TC and E. coli in less than 10 h. By changing the bioreagent, incubation temperature, and sensor's optical wavelengths, enterococci were monitorable [104]. Any field maintenance required was performed in as little as 15 min, and the system was installed in water in less than 10 min, meaning its setup and maintenance time was similar to that of the ALERT System; however, this work was presented for freshwater only, and seawater monitoring development work was ongoing at the time of the study [104].…”

“…Similarly, a self-contained and fully waterproof system with a fully autonomous microbiological alert sensor (AMAS), configurable by a cell phone or cloud interface quantified beach quality monitoring levels (200 CFU/100 mL) for TC and E. coli in less than 10 h. By changing the bioreagent, incubation temperature, and sensor's optical wavelengths, enterococci were monitorable [104]. Any field maintenance required was performed in as little as 15 min, and the system was installed in water in less than 10 min, meaning its setup and maintenance time was similar to that of the ALERT System; however, this work was presented for freshwater only, and seawater monitoring development work was ongoing at the time of the study [104]. Furthermore, both the ALERT and AMAS automated systems use wireless communication protocols for system configuration and data management; both measure E. coli and enterococci concentrations and send automatic alerts if the relevant thresholds are exceeded; and both work under various weather conditions in freshwater, while working with saltwater requires calibration or there is ongoing work to improve it [19,104].…”

“…Unfortunately, for both systems, multiple processing and high-throughput sampling is not available, as testing is limited to a number of evaluations before refill; results are not rapid or continuous; salinity is an inhibitor for the growth of E. coli, causing additional dilution and processing; and other constraints include the maintenance requirements and high initial costs of the equipment or system [19,104].…”