This paper investigates the relationship between socioeconomic development, population policies, and fertility decline for a sample of 138 countries for the period of 1960–2016. Moreover, this study analyzes the determinants of fertility rate for the sample countries. It is found that a drastic demographic transition decline in crude birth rate for the different classified group of countries from 1960 to 2016. Furthermore, it is noted that as compare to least developed countries the average annual population growth percent of developed countries is very low. However, there is a demographic transition of different classified group of countries for the year 2000 and 2016 in developing countries as well. The results of panel estimation technique show that fertility rate depends on female labor force participation, infant mortality rate, real income, and female education.