An Efficacy Predictive Method for Diabetic Ulcers Based on Higher‐Order Markov Chain‐Set Pair Analysis

Abstract

Background. Clinical comprehensive decision-making of diabetic ulcers includes curative effect evaluation and curative effect prediction. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the prediction of diabetic ulcers. Methods. Set pair analysis (SPA) was used to assess the curative effect evaluation, and therapeutic effect was evaluated by connection degree (CD). The higher-order Markov chain-SPA curative effect prediction model was established to predict the future curative effect development. The predicted results with higher-order Markov chain-SPA and traditional first-order Markov-SPA model were compared with the actual results of the patients to verify the effectiveness of prediction. Results. The connection degree of index levels I and II of 15 patients with diabetic ulcers after traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment increased with time, while that of index levels IV and V decreased, indicating that the curative effect tends to improve. The higher-order Markov chain-SPA model was used to predict the curative effect. The results showed that the relative errors were fewer than the traditional first-order Markov-SPA model. Conclusions. The present study suggests that a method of SPA combined with higher-order Markov-SPA is relatively effective and can be applied to the clinical prediction of diabetic ulcers, which has higher accuracy than traditional first-order curative effect prediction model.

XB130 inhibits healing of diabetic skin ulcers through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway

“…Diabetic skin ulcers, resulting from both internal and local pathological changes caused by diabetes, are a serious complication that can lead to amputation, despite therapeutic management[ 21 , 22 ]. The process of wound healing is complex, dynamic, and orderly, and is characterised by cell proliferation and migration[ 23 , 24 ].…”

Long non‐coding RNAs in diabetic wound healing: Current research and clinical relevance

“…Statistically, the global prevalence rate of diabetes is 9.3% in 2019 and evaluated to be 10.9% by 2045 4 . Furthermore, the lifetime risk of a diabetic individual developing an ulcer reaches 25%, which is the foremost serious complication of diabetes with substantial morbidity and mortality 5‐7 . Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non‐protein coding RNAs with a length of more than 200 nucleotides 8,9 .…”

The Identification of the Biomarkers of Sheng-Ji Hua-Yu Formula Treated Diabetic Wound Healing Using Modular Pharmacology

“…Herbal formula treatment is efficient in the management of diabetic skin ulcers, and healing time is 2–3 days shorten than western medicine treatment (mupirocin ointment, growth factor (bFGF), and Vaseline gauze for external use and with basic therapies), which are consistment with our previous animal experiment reported ( Li et al, 2011 ; Kuai et al, 2018 ; Xiang et al, 2021 ). Additionally, the SJHY formula has been validated to be efficacious to treat diabetic wound healing via higher order Markov chain set pair analysis ( Kuai et al, 2020 ) and cloud model set pair analysis ( Kuai et al, 2019 ). However, further investigations are required to elucidate the regulation mechanisms of SJHY formula–treated diabetic wound healing.…”