An efficient and affordable laboratory method to produce and sustain high concentrations of microcystins by Microcystis aeruginosa

Shahmohamadloo, René S.; Almirall, Xavier Ortiz; Holeton, Claire; Chong-Kit, Richard; Poirier, David G.; Bhavsar, Satyendra P.; Sibley, Paul K.

doi:10.1016/j.mex.2019.10.024

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This strain produces microcystin-LR (CAS: 101043-37-2, C 49 H 74 N 10 O 12 ) and its desmethylated form [D-Asp 3 ]-microcystin-LR (CAS: 120011-66-7, C 48 H 72 N 10 O 12 ), which occur widely 1,12 and are among the most toxic congeners of this family. 35 Details regarding culturing this strain 36 and the procedure for preparing microcystins in their intracellular and extracellular states for the experiments are provided in the Supporting Information (SI 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanotoxins within and Outside of Microcystis aeruginosa Cause Adverse Effects in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Shahmohamadloo

Almirall

Simmons

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The global expansion of toxic Microcystis blooms, and production of cyanotoxins including microcystins, are an increasing risk to freshwater fish. Differentiating intracellular and extracellular microcystin toxicity pathways (i.e., within and outside of cyanobacterial cells) in fish is necessary to assess the severity of risks to populations that encounter harmful algal blooms in pre-to-postsenescent stages. To address this, adult and juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were, respectively, exposed for 96 h to intracellular and extracellular microcystins (0, 20, and 100 μg L–1) produced by Microcystis aeruginosa. Fish were dissected at 24 h intervals for histopathology, targeted microcystin quantification, and nontargeted proteomics. Rainbow Trout accumulated intracellular and extracellular microcystins in all tissues within 24 h, with greater accumulation in the extracellular state. Proteomics revealed intracellular and extracellular microcystins caused sublethal toxicity by significantly dysregulating proteins linked to the cytoskeletal structure, stress responses, and DNA repair in all tissues. Pyruvate metabolism in livers, anion binding in kidneys, and myopathy in muscles were also significantly impacted. Histopathology corroborated these findings with evidence of necrosis, apoptosis, and hemorrhage at similar severity in both microcystin treatments. We demonstrate that sublethal concentrations of intracellular and extracellular microcystins cause adverse effects in Rainbow Trout after short-term exposure.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanotoxins within and Outside of Microcystis aeruginosa Cause Adverse Effects in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Shahmohamadloo

Almirall

Simmons

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Following a previously described method, it was maintained in BG-11 medium in the 600 mL Falcon tissue culture treated flask at 24 ± 1 °C under full-spectrum 6400K fluorescence with a light illumination of 17 ± 2 μmol m −2 s −1 in a 16 h:8 h light:dark cycle. 51 M. aeruginosa is a bloom-forming genus of cyanobacteria, is widely distributed in mesotrophic to eutrophic freshwater worldwide, and releases the hepatotoxin microcystin. 16,51,52 M. aeruginosa CPCC 300 produces two variants, namely, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and [D-Asp 3 ]-microcystin-LR (MC-dmLR).…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…51 M. aeruginosa is a bloom-forming genus of cyanobacteria, is widely distributed in mesotrophic to eutrophic freshwater worldwide, and releases the hepatotoxin microcystin. 16,51,52 M. aeruginosa CPCC 300 produces two variants, namely, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and [D-Asp 3 ]-microcystin-LR (MC-dmLR). We scanned the absorbance spectra of a series of M. aeruginosa solutions at known densities from 300 to 800 nm in 2 nm increments using the BMG PHERAstar FS microplate reader (BMG LABTECH).…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…M. aeruginosa strain CPCC 300 was provided by the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP, Toronto, ON). Following a previously described method, it was maintained in BG-11 medium in the 600 mL Falcon tissue culture treated flask at 24 ± 1 °C under full-spectrum 6400K fluorescence with a light illumination of 17 ± 2 μmol m –2 s –1 in a 16 h:8 h light:dark cycle ,, M. aeruginosa CPCC 300 produces two variants, namely, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and [ d -Asp 3 ]-microcystin-LR (MC-dmLR).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in the Presence of Nanoplastics

et al. 2021

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a common control measure for cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs), but local contaminants may alter its effects. Here, we aim to understand the control of cyanoHABs by H2O2 in light of nanoplastic contamination using a multistressor framework. We utilized a high-throughput full-factorial experiment to capture the multistressor impacts of H2O2, nanoplastics, temperature, and light on a toxigenic strain of the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. In addition to revealing independent inhibitory effects of H2O2 and nanoplastics on cell abundance and microcystin production, our high-throughput system also identified non-additive, interactive effects. Specifically, we found that nanoplastics weakened the inhibitory effects of H2O2 on cell abundance and microcystin production. In addition, we discovered that nanoplastics restricted the degradation of H2O2, partially explaining this non-additive effect. Because combined H2O2 and nanoplastic still curbed growth, we expect H2O2 will remain an effective control measure even with background nanoplastic pollution. Our findings illustrate the importance of taking local stressors, including anthropogenic contaminants such as nanoplastics, into account before H2O2 is applied to control cyanoHABs.

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“…Microcystis aeruginosa (from the Canadian Phycological Culture Centre [CPCC] at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; strain 300; CPCC 300) was cultured at the Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks (MOECP) in Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada in a BG‐11 media (Acreman n.d) following the method of Shahmohamadloo et al (). The concentration of microcystin‐LR, microcystin‐dmLR, nodularin, anatoxin‐A, microcystin‐dmRR, microcystin‐RR, microcystin‐LA, microcystin‐LF, microcystin‐LY, microcystin‐Hi1R, microcystin‐LW, microcystin‐YR, microcystin, HtYR, and microcystin‐WR produced by the M. aeruginosa culture was measured using on‐line solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography at the MOECP according to the methods of Ortiz et al ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Microcystis aeruginosa–Associated Microcystin‐LR on the Survival of 2 Life Stages of Freshwater Mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea)

Gene

Shahmohamadloo

Ortiz

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Microcystin‐LR is a toxin commonly produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. It is present in harmful algal blooms and is a concern for both human and environmental health in Canadian freshwater systems. Previous studies have investigated the toxicity of microcystin‐LR to other organisms such as fish; however, it is important to assess its toxicity to native freshwater mussels (family Unionidae), which are considered imperiled. The present study examined the toxicity of microcystin‐LR to fatmucket mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea) at 2 different life stages. Juvenile mussels were exposed to microcystin‐LR in a 28‐d chronic test, and glochidia underwent a 72‐h acute toxicity test. There was no significant relationship between glochidia viability and microcystin‐LR concentration. The median lethal concentration (LC50) value for juvenile mussels after 28 d of exposure was 2.1 µg/L. To determine the environmental relevance of the observed toxicity, an environmental exposure distribution was created using Canadian and Canadian–US Great Lakes microcystin measurements. The 28‐d LC50 value (2.1 µg/L) was greater than those values that occurred in the environment 95% of the time; however, the LC10 (0.45 µg/L) and LC25 (0.97 μg/L) values were not greater than the measured microcystin environmental values. This finding indicates that microcystins may exert toxic effects on juvenile mussels at environmentally relevant concentrations. Further investigation should be considered in terms of prolonged exposure to persistent microcystin‐LR, and toxicity to sensitive species at different life stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2137–2144. © 2019 SETAC.

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An efficient and affordable laboratory method to produce and sustain high concentrations of microcystins by Microcystis aeruginosa

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 9 publications

References 35 publications

Cyanotoxins within and Outside of Microcystis aeruginosa Cause Adverse Effects in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Cyanotoxins within and Outside of Microcystis aeruginosa Cause Adverse Effects in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in the Presence of Nanoplastics

Effect of Microcystis aeruginosa–Associated Microcystin‐LR on the Survival of 2 Life Stages of Freshwater Mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea)

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