An Efficient Blockchain PBFT Consensus Protocol in Energy Constrained IoT Applications

He²,

Li³

et al. 2023

Front. Blockchain

The successful operation of Bitcoin has made its underlying blockchain technology receive wide attention. As the application scenarios of blockchain technology are enriched, the requirements for its performance are getting higher. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to effectively solve the problem of high-performance data interaction in the blockchain. In this paper, based on relevant domestic and foreign research literature, we start from the development history of blockchain technology and review the relevant research work on improving the performance of blockchain from three perspectives: on-chain interaction technology, off-chain interaction technology, and cross-chain interaction technology in turn. The on-chain and off-chain interaction technologies improve performance by improving the architecture of the blockchain system. The performance improvement solution of on-chain interaction technology is to modify and optimize the basic protocol and architecture of the blockchain itself to achieve a performance improvement. Still, the impact of this approach is limited in terms of performance improvement. The performance improvement solution of off-chain interaction technology is to transfer part of the data processing to off-chain and only return the final result to on-chain for storage and recording, which reduces the burden of on-chain operation and improves the efficiency of data processing. In terms of cross-chain interaction technology, this paper analyses four mainstream technology, namely, Notary Scheme, Side chain and Chain relay, Hash-Locking, and Distributed Private Key Control, and ultimately concludes through comparative analysis that cross-chain technology has a significant impact on improving blockchain performance. Finally, the paper provides a systematic overview of the above and an outlook on the possible future development of technologies related to enhancing blockchain performance.

Section: Network Shardingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of blockchain efficient interaction technologies

He²,

Li³

et al. 2023

Front. Blockchain

“…Recently, blockchain technology has been considered as an important means to effectively solve network and information security problems as it is distributed, decentralized, cannot be tampered with, is auditable, and has other characteristics. It has been widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT) [4], Internet of Vehicles (IoV) [5], Internet of Energy (IoE) [6], and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) [7]. Many scholars regard it as an indispensable potential technology and a new paradigm in 6G communications, and it can enable 6G networks to achieve native security [2,3,[8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Research Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kai Qian et al [16] provided a performance-testing framework for the IoT-oriented blockchain, which can optimize energy consumption in a targeted manner. Xiaoqiong Xu et al [4] proposed an energy-efficient Practical Byzantine Fault-Tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm, security-guaranteed PBFT (S-PBFT), for energy-constrained IoT applications.…”

Section: Research Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

LECast: A Low-Energy-Consumption Broadcast Protocol for UAV Blockchain Networks

Luo

et al. 2023

Drones

With the continuous development of communication technology, drones are playing an important role in many fields, such as power transmission line inspection and agricultural pesticide spraying. In order to protect the data privacy and communication security of drones, many experts are considering blockchain as its enabling technology. However, due to their small size and limited power storage, drones cannot support energy-intensive blockchain applications. In addition, the future 6G communications need to implement an important key performance indicator, namely extremely low-power communications (ELPCs). As a consequence, research into green blockchain is becoming more and more popular. The broadcast of the blockchain is one of the most energy-intensive parts because it entails flooding and there are a lot of unnecessary communication processes. Therefore, in order to make blockchain more suitable for ELPC requirements in 6G communications and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, we took the blockchain broadcast as an improvement candidate and designed LECast, a low-energy-consumption protocol. LECast first analyzes the energy consumption model of the communication between two drones and constructs the shortest-path broadcast tree (SPB Tree) for the UAV networks to minimize energy consumption. Meanwhile, to make the sending drone address the receiving drone in a more convenient way, we proposed an extended Huffman coding (EHC) scheme to name the drones. Furthermore, the other issues with the broadcast tree are reliability and security. When a channel fails, subsequent drones cannot smoothly receive the transaction or block data. As a result, we introduced multichannel transmission with splitting data (MTSD); that is, the transaction or block data are divided into segments and transmitted in parallel multiple times over multiple channels. Finally, through the analysis and simulation of LECast in terms of energy consumption, latency, throughput, reliability, security, and coverage rate, the advantages of LECast were confirmed, which could meet the requirements of ELPCs and be well applied to UAV networks.

“…However, the efficiency of the algorithm decreases rapidly with the increase of the number of nodes and the communication complexity is Oðn 2 Þ, so the realtime performance of the system is insufficient. Literature [15] proposed PBFT protocol, an energy-efficient consensus node selection mechanism is designed, and VRF is used to ensure the security of leader. In addition, in the case of multihop neighbor nodes, the authority of the node is evaluated by selecting the relay node by extending the centrality, which may lead to centralization of nodes' colluded interests, and communication complexity is the same as literature [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain Consensus Mechanism for Distributed Energy Transactions

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Cai

et al. 2022

In order to reduce the cost of grid dispatching and increase the transparency of energy transactions, the distributed energy transaction model based on blockchain is constructed. At the same time, in order to improve the high communication overhead and low throughput of the traditional PBFT algorithm in the consortium blockchain, an efficient Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus mechanism (DE-BFT) for the energy blockchain is designed. The algorithm improves from two aspect: node election and main chain consensus. In the stage of node election, the model uses a health score evaluation and a verifiable random function to improve the security and randomness of node selection. In the stage of main chain consensus, the efficient data consistency interaction protocol decreases the complexity of the communications between nodes, down to a constant term level from exponential one. The result shows that, compared with other consensus algorithm, the DE-BFT algorithm performs better in terms of consensus delay, communication overhead, throughput, and consensus node reliability.