An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide, Gold Nanoparticles and Molecular Imprinted Over‐oxidized Polypyrrole for Amoxicillin Determination

Abstract

An electrochemical sensor for amoxicillin (AMX) detection based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), molecular imprinted overoxidized polypyrrole (MIOPPy) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is described in this work. The electrochemical behavior of the imprinted and non‐imprinted polymer (NIP) was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (IS). The structure and morphology of the prepared MIP sensor were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV‐Visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and its experimental parameters such as monomer and template concentration, pH buffer solution, incubation time of AMX and AuNPs, scan rate as well as electropolymerization scan cycles were optimized to improve the performance of the sensor. The peak current obtained at the MIP electrode was proportional to the AMX concentration in the range from 10−8 to 10−3 mol L−1 with a detection limit and sensitivity of 1.22 10−6 mol L−1 (Signal to noise ratio=3) and 2.52×10−6 μAmol−1 L, respectively. It was also found that this sensor exhibited reproducibility and excellent selectivity against molecules with similar chemical structures. Besides, the analytical application of the AMX sensor confirms the feasibility of AMX detection in milk and human serum.

CuBi2O4 Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Sensitive Amperometric/Voltammetric Detection of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solutions

“…The electroanalytical results related to the lowest limit of detection and the sensitivity obtained with the CuBi/CNF electrode are better than those reported by Essousi et al [ 28 ], and showed the possibility of a practical application of this electrode in the detection of amoxicillin in the aqueous solution. The practical analytical application of the CuBi/CNF paste electrode using the DPV method was established by determining AMX in a water sample.…”

“…The linearity between the anodic current recorded at the potential value of +0.54 V/SCE and the AMX concentration allowed us to determine the detection sensitivity, which is higher for modified CuBi/CNF (181 µA mM −1 cm −2 ) in comparison with the CNF paste electrode (133 µA mM −1 cm −2 ) (the results of linearizations are not shown here). The electrochemical response is based on the oxidation peak, which characterizes the one electron involving an oxidation reaction of the phenolic substituent to a respective carbonyl group on the side chain of the AMX molecule [ 28 ]. One corresponding cathodic peak due to the reduction process is noticed for CuBi/CNF in comparison with the CNF electrode that did not exhibit the cathodic peak in this anodic range.…”

“…The electrochemical methods should be regarded as a viable alternative for AMX determination by taking into account their advantages of a fast and simple detection method. Several electrochemical detection methods of AMX using carbon-based and modified electrodes have been reported [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], but more improvement of the electroanalytical performance is required for which new composition of the electrode, which represents the core of the electrochemical detection, should be developed and tested. Copper bismuth oxide synthesized by thermolysis of Bi(III)-Cu(II) oxalate coordination compound at 700 °C/h was used to modify the carbon nanofiber paste by simple mixing in paraffin oil as a CuBi/CNF electrode to enhance the performance of the electrochemical detection of amoxicillin.…”

Electrochemical Detection of Epinephrine Based on a Screen‐printed Electrode Modified with NiO−ERGO Nanocomposite Film

“…For example, metal nanoparticles [2], various metal oxides nanoparticles [3], carbonaceous nanomaterials [4], and nanocomposites [5] are used as electrode-modified material, which provides many advantages (high surface-to-volume ratio, strong catalytic properties, and effective adsorption ability) to the electrochemical sensor [1]. As an electrode modification material, gold [6], silver [7], platinum [8], copper [9], and nickel [10] nanoparticles have revealed good performances in electrochemical applications. Metal oxides such as nickel oxide, zinc oxide, and copper oxide are extensively used as electrode modifiers in sensor fabrication due to their low resistivity, good electrical properties, and remarkable redox properties [11][12][13].…”

A Novel Non‐enzymatic Selective and Sensitive Glucose Sensor Based on Nickel‐Copper Oxide@3D‐rGO/MWCNTs

“…Due to several specific features of graphene such as I): excellent electronic and thermal conductivity, II) high active surface area because of the micro‐sized pores, III): active sites for mass and electron transfer and IV): accessibility thermal stability [1, 2], it is one of the best candidates in sensors and biosensors fabrication, energy production, and storage application. Two dimensional (2D) graphene has advantages like high specific surface area and excellent electrical conductivity [3, 4]. It has been used in sensors, biosensors, field‐effect transistors, and transparent conductors.…”