An electron microscopic study of tetraethyllead decomposition in an internal combustion engine

Catalytic inhibition of laminar flames by transition metal compounds

“…Richardson et al [39] showed that carboxylic acids increase the research octane number of TEL in engines, and argued that they reduced agglomeration of the PbO particles in the engine end-gas, but acknowledged that their arguments were qualitative. Zimpel and Graiff [40] used a fired engine to provide end-gas samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They claimed that 1000 nm diameter particles formed prior to the arrival of the flame, proving that the effect of TEL was heterogeneous.…”

Limits to the effectiveness of metal-containing fire suppressants

“…Richardson et al (1962) showed that carboxylic acids increase the research octane number of TEL in engines, and argued that they reduced agglomeration of the PbO particles in the engine end-gas, but acknowledged that their arguments were qualitative. Zimpel and Graiff (1967) sampled end gases in a fired engine for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They claimed that 1000 nm diameter particles formed prior to the arrival of the flame, proving that the effect of TEL was heterogeneous.…”