1970
DOI: 10.1109/tmms.1970.299965
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An Electrotactile Display

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Cited by 127 publications
(65 citation statements)
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“…Unfortunately, because of the different frictional properties of polyimide and bare metal electrodes, it is not feasible to measure the latter threshold directly for purposes of comparison. However, if we measure V at any two polyimide thicknesses, we can linearly estimate 9 the threshold at any desired thickness (including zero), as earlier suggested by Strong [9].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Unfortunately, because of the different frictional properties of polyimide and bare metal electrodes, it is not feasible to measure the latter threshold directly for purposes of comparison. However, if we measure V at any two polyimide thicknesses, we can linearly estimate 9 the threshold at any desired thickness (including zero), as earlier suggested by Strong [9].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The electrovibration sensation is somewhat unusual and requires practice to acquire [1,9]. After cleaning the fingertip and electrode array as described above, subjects were allowed to practice scanning the array with their fingertip so they could learn the proper finger angle (varied, 30-90°) and force (approx.…”
Section: Familiarizationmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Assuming a pair of electrodes insulated by one or more dielectrics, the model expresses electroadhesion force F e as where ε 0 is the absolute permittivity of vacuum, A is the area of the electrode, and V ,d are the voltage difference and the equivalent gap between the electrodes. This model is often used for simple estimation of the adhesion force [23]. However, it is only valid in a steady state of AC voltage condition.…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While this force is too weak to be perceived when the finger is static, it modulates friction between the surface and the skin of the moving finger, creating the rubbery sensation. The first attempt to use electrovibration for tactile application was reported by Strong in 1970 [8]. He buried an array of metal pins into plastic body, whose flat heads are insulated with a thin layer of dielectric.…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%