“…Families of fixed mesh methods are often classified precisely depending, firstly, on the way each method deals with the imposition of boundary conditions, and secondly, on the way they deal with time and space integration over the fixed mesh [55]. Regarding the imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions, several approaches exist such as the use of penalty terms as in the original immersed boundary method [50,59], the use of Lagrange multipliers [15,42,43,13,33,20,16,3] which may require the use of additional unknowns accounting for the fluxes on the Dirichlet boundary, or the well-known Nitsche's method [57,47,44,23], which yields symmetric, stable variational formulations through the use of a limited penalty term whose value needs to be estimated.…”