Purpose
The experiences, skills, and internal resources that informal caregivers bring into their role may play a critical part in their mental health and well-being. This study examined how caregiver internal resources changed over a 10-year period, and how this was related to caregivers’ well-being.
Methods
Data are from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, a national sample of adults, at two time points: 1995–1996 (T1), and 2004–2006 (T2). We identified subjects who reported being a caregiver at T2 and starting care after T1 (mean age=56; 65% female). We examined internal resources – sense of control (personal mastery); primary and secondary control strategies (persistence in goal striving; positive reappraisal; lowering expectations), and social support seeking – and psychological and subjective well-being. We evaluated how internal resources changed over time, and how these trajectories were associated with well-being at T2 using multivariable linear regressions.
Results
Most caregivers had stable levels of internal resources (between 4% and 13% showed an increase or decrease). Caregivers with increasing or high-stable levels of personal mastery had significantly better well-being on 6 out of 8 subscales compared to low-stable levels (effect sizes [ES] between 0.39 and 0.79). Increasing persistence was associated with better personal growth and environmental mastery (ES=0.96 and 0.91), and increasing and high-stable positive reappraisal were associated with better affect (ES=0.63 and 0.48) compared to low-stable levels. Lowering aspirations and support seeking were not associated with well-being outcomes.
Conclusions
Practices or interventions that support or improve internal resources could potentially improve caregiver well-being.