This article using the database of Taiwanese land property lawsuits studies the economic effects of rainfalls on land property lawsuits during the period of Japanese colonial rule (1920–1941). The results obtained from basic ordinary least squares indicate that it shows no significant influences. However, an interesting result is that, when we adopt the approach of two stage least squares and use the variables of temperature and evaporation as the instrument variables of rainfalls, we find that there are highly significant influences on the lawsuits of land property. If 1 year comes with low average rainfalls, it means that the costs of productive inputs increase, because the available natural resource will decrease, and brings the distorted using of land property.

Vacuolar H+‐translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase [vacuolar H+‐pyrophosphatase (V‐PPase); EC 3.6.1.1] is a homodimeric proton translocase; it plays a pivotal role in electrogenic translocation of protons from the cytosol to the vacuolar lumen, at the expense of PPi hydrolysis, for the storage of ions, sugars, and other metabolites. Dimerization of V‐PPase is necessary for full proton translocation function, although the structural details of V‐PPase within the vacuolar membrane remain uncertain. The C‐terminus presumably plays a crucial role in sustaining enzymatic and proton‐translocating reactions. We used atomic force microscopy to visualize V‐PPases embedded in an artificial lipid bilayer under physiological conditions. V‐PPases were randomly distributed in reconstituted lipid bilayers; approximately 43.3% of the V‐PPase protrusions faced the cytosol, and 56.7% faced the vacuolar lumen. The mean height and width of the cytosolic V‐PPase protrusions were 2.8 ± 0.3 nm and 26.3 ± 4.7 nm, whereas those of the luminal protrusions were 1.2 ± 0.1 nm and 21.7 ± 3.6 nm, respectively. Moreover, both C‐termini of dimeric subunits of V‐PPase are on the same side of the membrane, and they are close to each other, as visualized with antibody and gold nanoparticles against 6×His tags on C‐terminal ends of the enzyme. The distance between the V‐PPase C‐terminal ends was determined to be approximately 2.2 ± 1.4 nm. Thus, our study is the first to provide structural details of a membrane‐bound V‐PPase dimer, revealing its adjacent C‐termini.

This study demonstrates the flexible white LED structure with high lumen efficiency and uniform optical performance for neutral white and warm white CCT. Flip-chip LEDs were attached on a polyimide substrate with copper strips as electrical and thermal conduction paths. Yellow phosphors are mixed with polydimenthysiloxane (PDMS) to provide mechanical support and flexibility. The light efficiency of this device can reach 120 lm/W and 85% of light output uniformity of the emission area can be achieved. Moreover, the optical simulation is employed to evaluate various designs of this flexible film in order to obtain uniform output. Both the pitch between the individual devices and the thickness of the phosphor film are calculated for optimization purpose. This flexible white LED with high lumen efficiency and good reliability is suitable for the large area fixture in the general lighting applications.

Homodimeric

No abstract