An empirical formula for isotopic yield in Fe + p spallation reactions

Abstract

An empirical formula is proposed for predicting the cross sections of fragments in a spallation reaction. The cross sections of fragments measured in the 300, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 MeV u−1 56Fe + p spallation reactions are analysed. The mass and incident energy dependence of the isotopic yield have been considered in the empirical formula. The cross sections of fragments predicted by the proposed empirical formula and the spallation residue cross section (spacs) parameterizations have been compared to the experimental results, showing that both of them can predict the results well. The cross sections of fragments in the 1000 MeV u−1 136Xe + p reactions can also be predicted by the proposed formula, while the spacs parameterizations significantly underestimate the measured results. The empirical formula is useful for predicting the yield of radioactive nuclei produced in proton therapy.

Fragment Distribution in Reactions of $^{78,86}$Kr+$^{181}$Ta

“…Since the fragments are produced in the kinetic reaction, it is necessary to develop microkinetic models for studying the formation of fragments [19][20][21]. Some of the existing models are based on statistical descriptions of multi-body phase space calculations [22][23][24][25][26] and others are molecular dynamics models [27][28][29] or stochastic mean field models [30,31] that describe the dynamical evolution of the system in the nuclear collision.…”

Isotopic cross-sections in proton induced spallation reactions based on the Bayesian neural network method *

“…[22][23][24]. Methods based on empirical parametrizations have also been proposed, for example, the SPACS parametrization [25], and the semi-empirical parametrizations by Silberberg and Tsao [26], Webber et al [27], Waddington et al [28], or by using the empirical formula based on the scaling phenomena in spallation reactions [29]. Difficulties still exist in predicting the yields of residue fragments because spallation reactions occur in a wide range of incident energies and incident species, from medium nuclei to heavy nuclei.…”

Microscopic description of proton-induced spallation reactions with the constrained molecular dynamics (CoMD) model

“…Because of the variety of the target nuclei and the wide range of energy, empirical systematics approaches (see, e.g. [14][15][16] and references therein) and theoretical modelling [17][18][19] with satisfactory predictive power are indispensable.…”