An Endoglucanase Secreted by Ustilago esculenta Promotes Fungal Proliferation

Zhang, Zhongjin; Bian, Jiahui; Zhang, Yafen; Xia, Wei; Li, Shiyu; Ye, Zihong

doi:10.3390/jof8101050

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Results showed that the content of xylose is much higher than glucose or other monosaccharides, indicating that xylan is the most important component of the plant cell wall ( Figure 4 C). The functional study of endoglucanases during the infection process is discussed by Zhang et al [ 40 ]. Knock-out of one endoglucanase did not affect haploid growth but will slow down the infection process and attenuate the final symptom.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Comparison between Two Strains of Ustilago esculenta during the Mating

Wang

Gao

Yin

et al. 2022

JoF

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Ustilago esculenta is a smut fungus that obligately infects Zizania latifolia and stimulates tissue swelling to form galls. Unlike T-type, MT-type U. esculenta can only proliferate within plant tissues and infect the offspring of their host. Production of telispores, haploid life, and plant cuticle penetration are not essential for it, which may lead to the degeneration in these processes. Transcriptome changes during the mating of T- and MT-type U. esculenta were studied. The functions of several secreted proteins were further confirmed by knock-out mutants. Our results showed that MT-type U. esculenta can receive environmental signals in mating and circumstance sensing as T-type does. However, MT-type U. esculenta takes a longer time for conjunction tube formation and cytoplasmic fusion. A large number of genes encoding secreted proteins are enriched in the purple co-expression module. They are significantly up-regulated in the late stage of mating in T-type U. esculenta, indicating their relationship with infecting. The knock-out of g6161 (xylanase) resulted in an attenuated symptom. The knock-out of g943 or g4344 (function unidentified) completely blocked the infection at an early stage. This study provides a comprehensive comparison between T- and MT-type during mating and identifies two candidate effectors for further study.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Comparison between Two Strains of Ustilago esculenta during the Mating

Wang

Gao

Yin

et al. 2022

JoF

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“…A few functions such as teliospore formation, germination, and the whole haploid life degenerate in MT-type U. esculenta . Recently, several studies have reported functional degeneration in the secretion of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and effectors, which are crucial for penetrating plant cuticles ( Wang et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). In contrast, MT-type maintains the functioning of karyogamy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10. 3389/fmicb.2023.1199907 Frontiers in Microbiology frontiersin.org cuticles (Wang et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022). In contrast, MT-type maintains the functioning of karyogamy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diploid mycelia of Ustilago esculenta fails to maintain sustainable proliferation in host plant

Li¹,

Yang²,

Yao³

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Smut fungi display a uniform life cycle including two phases: a saprophytic phase in vitro and a parasitic phase in host plants. Several apathogenic smut fungi are found, lacking suitable hosts in their habitat. Interestingly, MT-type Ustilago esculenta was found to maintain a parasitic life, lacking the saprophytic phase. Its long period of asexual proliferation in plant tissue results in severe defects in certain functions. In this study, the growth dynamics of U. esculenta in plant tissues were carefully observed. The mycelia of T- and MT-type U. esculenta exhibit rapid growth after karyogamy and aggregate between cells. While T-type U. esculenta successfully forms teliospores after aggregation, the aggregated mycelia of MT-type U. esculenta gradually disappeared after a short period of massive proliferation. It may be resulted by the lack of nutrition such as glucose and sucrose. After overwintering, infected Zizania latifolia plants no longer contained diploid mycelia resulting from karyogamy. This indicated that diploid mycelia failed to survive in plant tissues. It seems that diploid mycelium only serves to generate teliospores. Notably, MT-type U. esculenta keeps the normal function of karyogamy, though it is not necessary for its asexual life in plant tissue. Further investigations are required to uncover the underlying mechanism, which would improve our understanding of the life cycle of smut fungi and help the breeding of Z. latifolia.

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“…Latest research associates GH45 enzymes with pathogenic pathways, invoking plant immune response, but possible involvement in fungal cell developmental processes cannot be disregarded, as an upregulation of a GH45 enzyme has promoted fungal cell proliferation in Ustilago esculenta (X. Guo et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Glycoside Hydrolase Family 45mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and function studies of GH45 glycoside hydrolases

Okmane¹

2023

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae

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The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material in nature is carried out by a plethora of cellulases. Glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45) enzymes are small cellulases most commonly found in fungi that catalyse the hydrolysis of β(1→4) linked glucans. Additionally, GH45 enzymes display a structural resemblance to non-hydrolytic protein groups such as expansins and loosenins. In this thesis, the distinctness of GH45 enzymes from different subfamilies was explored. The enzymatic activity of GH45 enzymes from Humicola insolens (HiCel45A), Mytilus edulis (MeCel45A), Trichoderma reesei (TrCel45A), Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcCel45A), Gloeophyllum trabeum (GtCel45A) was demonstrated. Among the tested substrates were barley betaglucan, konjac glucomannan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and cellohexaose. Initial hydrolysis rates and hydrolysis yields were determined by reducing sugar assays, product formation was analysed using NMR spectroscopy and HPLC. The subfamily B and C enzymes exhibited mannanase activity, and the subfamily B enzyme MeCel45A appeared cold adapted in comparison to TrCel45A. GH45 enzymes are known to act using an inverting action mechanism. This action mechanism had not been experimentally demonstrated in subfamilies B and C, however. Here experimental evidence is provided for the inverting nature of GH45 enzymes from all subfamilies. Comparisons of GH45 enzyme structures were carried out and the first crystal structure of a GH45 subfamily C enzyme from the brown-rot fungus G. trabeum was reported at 1.3 Å resolution. Furthermore, structure and function investigations were done on an isotopically labelled Cel45A from the white-rot fungus P. chrysosporium using NMR spectroscopy. PcCel45A was expressed in Pichia pastoris with 13C and 15N labelling. A nearly complete assignment of 1 H, 13C and 15N backbone resonances was obtained and the interaction of 15Nlabelled PcCel45A with cellobiose was studied.

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An Endoglucanase Secreted by Ustilago esculenta Promotes Fungal Proliferation

Cited by 7 publications

References 53 publications

Transcriptome Comparison between Two Strains of Ustilago esculenta during the Mating

Transcriptome Comparison between Two Strains of Ustilago esculenta during the Mating

Diploid mycelia of Ustilago esculenta fails to maintain sustainable proliferation in host plant

Structure and function studies of GH45 glycoside hydrolases

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