An Engineering Appraisal of Egg Shell Strength Evaluation Techniques

Hammerle, J. R.

doi:10.3382/ps.0481708

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Because the interrelationship between material and structural strength is complex (Hammerle, 1969) it is not easy to determine whether a thin layer of shell having high material strength properties may be stronger than a thick layer of shell of low material strength (Voisey and Hamilton, 1976a). The results of , who found that although brown eggs had thinner shells their breaking strength was higher than for white-shelled eggs, indicates that material strength is an important factor.…”

Section: Materials and Structural Strengthmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…A number of techniques and instruments have been developed to measure shell strength. These methods have been comprehensively reviewed by Tyler (1961a), Wells (1968), Hammerle (1969), and Voisey andHunt (1973, 1974). The proliferation of techniques and the introduction of sophisticated equipment has made the subject of the measurement of shell strength confusing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methods and Factors That Affect the Measurement of Egg Shell Quality ,

1982

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Egg shell breakage accounts for a loss of 7 to 8% of the total eggs laid. Because shell breakage is related to egg shell strength, numerous methods have been developed to measure shell strength in relation to egg breakage. These methods can be divided into those that measure shell strength indirectly and those that measure directly. Egg specific gravity, nondestructive deformation, and beta backscatter are examples of indirect methods and quasi-static compression fracture, impact fracture, and puncture force are examples of direct measurements. A major advantage with indirect methods is that multiple measurements of shell strength may be taken on the same egg and the egg may be subsequently hatched, whereas with the direct methods the shell is fractured during the measurement. Factors known to influence the measurement of shell strength include the temperature of eggs, the length of time between oviposition and measurements, the sequence in which indirect measurements are taken, the compression rate and response time of recording equipment used to measure deformation, compression fracture and puncture force, the configuration and roughness of the surfaces of the measuring equipment that contact the egg shell, the deformation within the measuring equipment, and possibly the moisture content of the shell. Details of these factors should be reported with shell strength data. In general, there is a moderate relationship (r<.75) between data from indirect and direct shell strength measurements. There is a curvilinear relationship between shell strength and egg shell breakage. Further research is required to determine which of die indirect or direct methods best predict shell breakage under field conditions and to develop a model that will explain the strength of the hen's egg shell.(Key words: egg shell strength, egg shell breakage, measurement methods, specific gravity, nondestructive deformation, beta backscatter, compression fracture force, impact fracture force, puncture force) 1982 Poultry Science 61:2022-2039The measurement of egg shell strength has 2022

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Section: Materials and Structural Strengthmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods and Factors That Affect the Measurement of Egg Shell Quality ,

1982

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“…Indirect measurements such as specific gravity and non-destructive deformation are often used to estimate eggshell strength (Tyler, 1961;Wells, 1968;Hammerle, 1969;Voisey and Hunt, 1974). However, there is evidence that the relationships between indirect and direct measurements of shell strength may be influenced by age and strain of hen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Effects of Age and Strain on the Relationships between Destructive and Non-Destructive Measurements of Eggshell Strength for White Leghorn Hens

Hamilton

Thompson²,

Voisey³

1979

Poultry Science

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Specific gravity, egg and shell weight, compression fracture force (SBS), and nondestructive deformation (DFM) were measured and percent shell, surface area, and shell weight per unit surface area were calculated for a total of 3868 eggs obtained from four strains of Single Comb White Leghorns when the hens were 182, 315, 364, and 497 days of age. Strain and age influenced the measured and calculated variables with SBS and DFM showing the greatest differences. Analyses of variance showed that the y-intercepts and the slopes of linear regression equations of SBS on DFM were significantly affected by strain and age. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that DFM most frequently accounted for the greatest portion of the variability in SBS. These results indicate that although non-destructive deformation is a useful predictor of shell breaking strength, the relationship is affected by strain and age of hen.

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“…Many techniques and devices have been used to measure egg shell quality and their relationship to other factors have been reviewed as well (Tyler, 1961;Hunton, 1969;Hammerle, 1969). The measurements are useful for studying egg shell quality since they are highly correlated with the shell characteristics of thickness, whole egg specific gravity (Wells, 1967b) and egg shell weight (Tung et al, 1968) which are thought to account for a large percentage of the variance of shell quality (Frank et al, 1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shell Evaluation of White and Brown Egg Strains by Deformation, Breaking Strength, Shell Thickness and Specific Gravity

Potts

Washburn

1974

Poultry Science

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Phenotypic correlations were calculated between measures of egg shell strength obtained by non-destructive deformation, breaking strength, shell thickness and specific gravity of five commercial white and brown egg strains. Correlations between values obtained by all methods were highly significant for all strains. Correlations between the strength measurements and the egg characteristics of width/length ratio, egg weight and tint of the shell between the strains were also determined. The correlations between the tint of brown shells with all methods of evaluating shell quality were not significant. Although the shell thickness, specific gravity and shell deformation values of the brown egg strains were poorer than that of the white egg strains, the breaking strength of shells from brown egg strains was higher. This indicates that thinner shells are not necessarily weaker and suggests caution against drawing conclusions from only one method of assessing shell strength. Coefficients of variation were larger for shell deformation and breaking strength measurements than for shell thickness and specific gravity. Shape (width/length ratio) and egg weight showed little correlation with any methods of assessing shell strength.

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An Engineering Appraisal of Egg Shell Strength Evaluation Techniques

Cited by 21 publications

References 47 publications

Methods and Factors That Affect the Measurement of Egg Shell Quality ,

Methods and Factors That Affect the Measurement of Egg Shell Quality ,

The Effects of Age and Strain on the Relationships between Destructive and Non-Destructive Measurements of Eggshell Strength for White Leghorn Hens

Shell Evaluation of White and Brown Egg Strains by Deformation, Breaking Strength, Shell Thickness and Specific Gravity

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