An Ensemble Data Set of Sea Surface Temperature Change From 1850: The Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 Data Set

Kennedy, John J.; Rayner, Nick; Atkinson, C. P.; Killick, Rachel

doi:10.1029/2018jd029867

Cited by 195 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…Black line: combined response. The purple dashed line and markers: observed Southern Ocean SST cooling (HadSST; Kennedy et al, 2019). (f) Summary of SST trends.…”

Section: Glacial Melt Response Functions: Implications For Understandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antarctic Glacial Melt as a Driver of Recent Southern Ocean Climate Trends

Rye

Marshall

Kelley

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Recent trends in Southern Ocean (SO) climate—of surface cooling, freshening, and sea ice expansion—are not captured in historical climate simulations. Here we demonstrate that the addition of a plausible increase in Antarctic meltwater to a coupled climate model can produce a closer match to a wide range of climate trends. We use an ensemble of simulations of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies Earth system model to compute “climate response functions” (CRFs) for the addition of meltwater. These imply a cooling and freshening of the SO, an expansion of sea ice, and an increase in steric height, all consistent with observations since 1992. The CRF framework allows one to compare the efficacy of Antarctic meltwater as a driver of SO climate trends, relative to greenhouse gas and surface wind forcing. The meltwater CRFs presented here strongly suggest that interactive Antarctic ice melt should be included in climate models.

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“…Black line: combined response. The purple dashed line and markers: observed Southern Ocean SST cooling (HadSST; Kennedy et al, 2019). (f) Summary of SST trends.…”

Section: Glacial Melt Response Functions: Implications For Understandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simulated and observed trends in Southern Ocean surface properties 1990–2014. (a) Observed trend in SST (HadSST; Kennedy et al, 2019). (b) Observed trend in SSS (CORA5; Cabanes et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic Glacial Melt as a Driver of Recent Southern Ocean Climate Trends

Rye

Marshall

Kelley

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…quality control processing employed here largely follows the methodology for HadSST4 (Kennedy et al, 2019) 327 with some changes to the climatology check and buddy check thresholds to increase regional sensitivity and…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of the HadISDH marine humidity climate monitoring dataset

Willett¹,

Dunn²,

Kennedy³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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10Atmospheric humidity plays an important role in climate analyses. Here we describe the production and key 11 characteristics of a new quasi-global marine humidity product intended for climate monitoring, 12HadISDH.marine. It is an in-situ based multi-variable marine humidity product, gridded monthly at a 5° by 5° 13 spatial resolution from January 1973 to December 2018 with annual updates planned. Currently, only reanalyses 14 provide up to date estimates of marine surface humidity but there are concerns over their long-term stability. As 15 a result, this new product makes a valuable addition to the climate record and will help address some of the 16 uncertainties around recent changes (e.g. contrasting land and sea trends, relative humidity drying). Efforts have 17 been made to quality control the data, ensure spatial and temporal homogeneity as far as possible, adjust for 18 known biases in non-aspirated instruments and ship heights, and also estimate uncertainty in the data. 19Uncertainty estimates for whole-number reporting and for other measurement errors have not been quantified 20 before for marine humidity. This is a companion product to HadISDH.land, which, when combined will provide 21 methodologically consistent land and marine estimates of surface humidity. 23The spatial coverage of HadISDH.marine is good over the Northern Hemisphere outside of the high latitudes but 24 poor over the Southern Hemisphere, especially south of 20° S. The trends and variability shown are in line with 25 overall signals of increasing moisture and warmth over oceans from theoretical expectations and other products. 26Uncertainty in the global average is larger over periods where digital ship metadata are fewer or unavailable but 27 not large enough to cast doubt over trends in specific humidity or air temperature. Hence, we conclude that 28HadISDH.marine is a useful contribution to our understanding of climate change. However, we note that our 29 https://doi.ability to monitor surface humidity with any degree of confidence depends on the continued availability of ship 30 data and provision of digitised metadata. 32HadISDH.marine data, derived diagnostics and plots are available at 33 www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisdh/indexMARINE.html (Willett et al., 2019). 34 35 1 Introduction 36 37 Water vapour plays a key role as a greenhouse gas, in the dynamical development of weather systems, and 38 impacts society through precipitation and heat stress. Over land, all these aspects are important and recent 39 changes have been assessed by Willett et al. (2014). Over the oceans, a major source of moisture over land, a 40 similar analysis is essential to enhance our understanding of the observed changes generally and as a basis for 41 worldwide evaluation of climate models. In recognition of its importance, the surface atmospheric humidity has 42 been recognised as one of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). 43 44 Observational sources of humidity over the ocean are limited. The NOCSv2.0 (B...

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“…Examples where such evaluation has been possible are largely limited to SST using observations from Argo or other near surface measurements from oceanographic profiles (e.g., Hausfather et al, 2017;Huang et al, 2018), drifting buoys (e.g., Berry et al, 2018), moored buoys (e.g., Merchant et al, 2012). Evaluation for marine surface CDRs often relies on co-evaluation of different data products, which can provide important information on structural uncertainty (Kennedy, 2014;Kennedy et al, 2019) and be used to evaluate uncertainty estimates . Examples include: evaluation of SST using MAT from ships (Kent et al, 2013); coastal SST (Hanawa et al, 2000); or coastal air temperatures .…”

Section: Observations For Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observing Requirements for Long-Term Climate Records at the Ocean Surface

et al. 2019

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Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org July 2019 | Volume 6 | Article 441 Kent et al. Long-Term Surface Marine Recordsbiases and to improve methods of construction of CDRs. The requirements developed in this paper encompass specific actions involving a variety of stakeholders, including funding agencies, scientists, data managers, observing network operators, satellite agencies, and international co-ordination bodies.

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An Ensemble Data Set of Sea Surface Temperature Change From 1850: The Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 Data Set

Cited by 195 publications

References 76 publications

Antarctic Glacial Melt as a Driver of Recent Southern Ocean Climate Trends

Antarctic Glacial Melt as a Driver of Recent Southern Ocean Climate Trends

Development of the HadISDH marine humidity climate monitoring dataset

Observing Requirements for Long-Term Climate Records at the Ocean Surface

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