An Entropy Approach to the Natures of the Electric Charge and Magnetic Flux

Abdelhady, Salama; Abd-Elhady, M.S.

doi:10.4236/jemaa.2015.711028

“…Finally, heat, electric and magnetic energies were concluded as forms of energies of similar and of equivalent natures and that they are reversibly interchangeable by exchanging their potentials through reversible phenomena as thermoelectric effect, magnetocaloric effect, and induction [24].…”

Section: Similarity and Reversible Interchangeability Of Heat Electrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the differential S in the terms of thermal, electric and magnetic energies in Eq. (12) is an exact differential as it is a differential of a property and the integrals " ", " S" and " " represent the flows of thermal, electric and magnetic energies can be represented into property diagrams [24]. So, Eq.…”

Section: The First Law Of Thermodynamics Of Electromagnetic Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the increase of entropy by heat, electric and magnetic energies has the same unit, in Joule/Volt, the total increase of a system that embraces the transfer of such energies was estimated directly as a sum of increase of entropies resulted such flows according to the following equation [24]: (22) …”

Section: Units and Dimensions In Electromagnetismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, literature ignores such irreversibilities which represent as similar sources of irreversibilities as the heat transfer. Applying the second law of thermodynamics to systems that embrace the transfer of electric current and magnetic flux; the irreversibilities of such transfer was expressed by the following equation [24]:…”

Section: Review Of Thermodynamics Of Systems That Embrace Transfer Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In his scientific work to explain the photovoltaic effect, Einstein postulated that light was made of packets of energy, or energy quanta called as "photons," where each photon carries a specific energy related to its wavelength as follows: Ћ Joule/energy-pulse (40) Accordingly, the quantity " Ћ " or " h " expresses the rate of flow of energy of an electromagnetic wave whose frequency is " " in Watt/wave [24].…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Untitled

2018

JPSA

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy flow into systems. There are two principal laws of thermodynamics which are described on separate slides. The first law of thermodynamics relates to the transfer of various forms of energy, as heat, electric, magnetic and chemical energies to produce mechanical work. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and introduces an additional state variable, enthalpy. The first law of thermodynamics allows for many possible states of a system to exist. But experience indicates that there is only one direction for natural processes to proceed. This leads to the second law of thermodynamics and the definition of another state variable called entropy. The second law stipulates that the total entropy of a system plus its environment cannot decrease; it can remain constant for a reversible process but must always increase for irreversible or natural processes. However, the limited number of authors is concerned by systems that involve the transfer of electric and magnetic energies in addition to the flow of heat in studying a general thermodynamic system. The submitted review follows an entropy approach that introduces clear definitions of the electric charge and magnetic flux to clarify ambiguities of the natures of such fluxes in literature. So, the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied on thermo-electromagnetic processes that embrace the flow of mechanical, thermal, electric, and magnetic energies into systems that involve fluids or solids. Accordingly, it was possible to modify redundancies in the SI system of units. Following the entropy approach, it was possible to cast the Maxwell's equations into an energy frame of reference to explain the discovered Tesla's wireless power transmission as "Electrical Radiant Energy", and the MIT discovery of wireless power transmission of the magnetic flux as "Evanescent Waves" and to clarify fuzziness of the duality confusion by specifying a unique property for the electron as a particle and a unique property for the light as a wave. Consequently, it was possible also to prove that the semiconductors efficiency responds mainly to the concentration of the incident solar energy, i.e. incident solar energy per unit area, and it is partially influenced by the wavelength.

show abstract

Review of Thermodynamics of Systems that Embrace Transfer of Electric and Magnetic Energies

Abdelhady¹

2018

JPSA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy flow into systems. There are two principal laws of thermodynamics which are described on separate slides. The first law of thermodynamics relates to the transfer of various forms of energy, as heat, electric, magnetic and chemical energies to produce mechanical work. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and introduces an additional state variable, enthalpy. The first law of thermodynamics allows for many possible states of a system to exist. But experience indicates that there is only one direction for natural processes to proceed. This leads to the second law of thermodynamics and the definition of another state variable called entropy. The second law stipulates that the total entropy of a system plus its environment cannot decrease; it can remain constant for a reversible process but must always increase for irreversible or natural processes. However, the limited number of authors is concerned by systems that involve the transfer of electric and magnetic energies in addition to the flow of heat in studying a general thermodynamic system. The submitted review follows an entropy approach that introduces clear definitions of the electric charge and magnetic flux to clarify ambiguities of the natures of such fluxes in literature. So, the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied on thermo-electromagnetic processes that embrace the flow of mechanical, thermal, electric, and magnetic energies into systems that involve fluids or solids. Accordingly, it was possible to modify redundancies in the SI system of units. Following the entropy approach, it was possible to cast the Maxwell's equations into an energy frame of reference to explain the discovered Tesla's wireless power transmission as "Electrical Radiant Energy", and the MIT discovery of wireless power transmission of the magnetic flux as "Evanescent Waves" and to clarify fuzziness of the duality confusion by specifying a unique property for the electron as a particle and a unique property for the light as a wave. Consequently, it was possible also to prove that the semiconductors efficiency responds mainly to the concentration of the incident solar energy, i.e. incident solar energy per unit area, and it is partially influenced by the wavelength. momentum conservation while they gave a narrow space to the energy and entropy changes which are the main concern in energy analysis [4]. Such limitations may be due to the absence of clear definitions of the natures of the electric charge and magnetic flux as forms of energy in transfer [5]. So, we cannot find a clear energy analysis that plausibly explain the transfer of electric and magnetic energies in space as the discovered Tesla's wireless power transmission [6] and the wireless power transmission by magnetic resonance [7]. The duality confusion represents also a riddle in the energy analysis of electromagnetic systems [8]. While Maxwell's equations of electromagnetic waves express mainly the flow of energy in...

show abstract

Electric and Magnetic Energies in the Human Body

Elhady

¹

2020

International Journal of Applied Energy Systems

1

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The human body is actuated by electric and magnetic energies where the neural systems are found to transfer their instructions by nerve impulses in the form of electric signals or as waves of electric potential. However; the absence of a clear definition of electric charge misled the neuroscientists in recognizing the nerve impulses as electric charges and they defined them as chemical ions which contradicts their observation as waves of electric potential. According to a found definition of the electric charge as electromagnetic waves of electric potential that deletes confusions in electromagnetism, this innovative definition is found to be consistent with the neurologist's observations of the nerve impulses and its found nature as electric signals.Similarly; the neurologists succeeded in stimulating the neural system by magnetic flux through the scull without clear explanation due to the unclear definitions of the magnetic flux as electromagnetic waves of magnetic potential. However; we succeed in this article in finding plausible explanation of this stimulation by the innovative definitions of the electric charge and magnetic flux as electromagnetic waves of electric and magnetic potentials. We show the truth of these definitions by amble evidences.

show abstract

An Entropy Approach to the Natures of the Electric Charge and Magnetic Flux

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

Untitled

Untitled

Review of Thermodynamics of Systems that Embrace Transfer of Electric and Magnetic Energies

Electric and Magnetic Energies in the Human Body

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About