Review of Thermodynamics of Systems that Embrace Transfer of Electric and Magnetic Energies

Abstract

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy flow into systems. There are two principal laws of thermodynamics which are described on separate slides. The first law of thermodynamics relates to the transfer of various forms of energy, as heat, electric, magnetic and chemical energies to produce mechanical work. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and introduces an additional state variable, enthalpy. The first law of thermodynamics allows for many possible states of a system to exist. But experience indicates that there is only one direction for natural processes to proceed. This leads to the second law of thermodynamics and the definition of another state variable called entropy. The second law stipulates that the total entropy of a system plus its environment cannot decrease; it can remain constant for a reversible process but must always increase for irreversible or natural processes. However, the limited number of authors is concerned by systems that involve the transfer of electric and magnetic energies in addition to the flow of heat in studying a general thermodynamic system. The submitted review follows an entropy approach that introduces clear definitions of the electric charge and magnetic flux to clarify ambiguities of the natures of such fluxes in literature. So, the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied on thermo-electromagnetic processes that embrace the flow of mechanical, thermal, electric, and magnetic energies into systems that involve fluids or solids. Accordingly, it was possible to modify redundancies in the SI system of units. Following the entropy approach, it was possible to cast the Maxwell's equations into an energy frame of reference to explain the discovered Tesla's wireless power transmission as "Electrical Radiant Energy", and the MIT discovery of wireless power transmission of the magnetic flux as "Evanescent Waves" and to clarify fuzziness of the duality confusion by specifying a unique property for the electron as a particle and a unique property for the light as a wave. Consequently, it was possible also to prove that the semiconductors efficiency responds mainly to the concentration of the incident solar energy, i.e. incident solar energy per unit area, and it is partially influenced by the wavelength. momentum conservation while they gave a narrow space to the energy and entropy changes which are the main concern in energy analysis [4]. Such limitations may be due to the absence of clear definitions of the natures of the electric charge and magnetic flux as forms of energy in transfer [5]. So, we cannot find a clear energy analysis that plausibly explain the transfer of electric and magnetic energies in space as the discovered Tesla's wireless power transmission [6] and the wireless power transmission by magnetic resonance [7]. The duality confusion represents also a riddle in the energy analysis of electromagnetic systems [8]. While Maxwell's equations of electromagnetic waves express mainly the flow of energy in...

Advanced Physics of Thermoelectric Generators and Photovoltaic Cells

“…where c is the speed of light, E is the electric field and H is the magnetic field. Equations ( 1) and (2), succeeded in visualizing an innovative definition of electric current as electromagnetic waves of electric potential in a frame of energy coordinates defined by the Electric Field, E, as the vertical axis, the magnetic field, H, as the abscissa and the entropy, s, as the ordinate, as shown in Figure 1 [4,5]. Additionally, it was possible by such modified Maxwell's equations to find an analytical model of the introduced nature of electric current as one of its solutions which has initial electric potential of " / Δ E " as follows [6]:…”

“…As the Seebeck effect is characterized by the difference between the Seebeck coefficients of the materials of the thermocouple junction, and the photoelectric effect is characterized by the difference in the band gap of the materials of the photovoltaic cell. Hence, the relation of Goldsman and Sharp between the Seebeck coefficient and the energy bandgap of materials, So, equation (5) signifies a relation between the Seebeck effect and the photovoltaic effect. In other words, it is possible to refer to the photovoltaic effect as a result of the difference between the Seebeck coefficients of the materials of the junction of the photovoltaic cell.…”

Electric and Magnetic Energies in the Human Body

“…1 represents these equations graphically where the electric field "E" is the vertical axis, the magnetic field "H" is the abscissa, and the entropy "s" is the ordinate [14]. Such representation succeeded in showing the flow of electric and magnetic energies during the flow an electromagnetic wave as the areas swept by the electric and the magnetic waves [15]. The flow of electric energy of zero electric potential is represented by the first integral and the magnetic energy of zero magnetic potential is represented y the second integral.…”

Notes on the International System (SI) of Units

“…Interchangeability of Magnetic and Thermal Energy .Reviewing the results of a simple experiment, Fig. 5[25], that used a permanent magnet immersed in a water basin to attract iron balls along an inclined smooth glass plane; the heat lost from the water was found equivalent to the done magnetic work in attraction of the balls along the shown plate[26]. Such results may be considered as a proof that magnetic work used to attract the balls is equally substituted by the heat lost from the water; or that potential of heat is replaced by magnetic potential to substitute the lost magnetic energy from the magnet.…”

“…According to the principles of conservation of energy; the generated power from the secondary coli should be equal to the output energy. Hence; we may write: (24) Hence; the potential of the secondary coil will be: (25) This means that each turn will produce the same potential applied to the primary coil of single turn. Such relation is found in literature without a similar plausible explanation as has been derived by recognizing the natures of electric and magnetic fields as electromagnetic waves of electric or magnetic potentials.…”