An Epidemic of Parapoxvirus Infection among Cattle: Isolation and Antibody Survey.

Abstract

ABSTRACT. A disease characterized by papules, nodules, vesicles and, rarely, pustules and ulcers on teats was seen among cattle on a farm in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. A virus was isolated by inoculation of fetal bovine lung cell cultures from a vesicle on a teat of an infected cow. The virus was subsequently passaged in fetal bovine lung and muscle cells in which it produced complete cytopathic changes. The virus was identified by physicochemical examinations and electromicroscopic observation as a parapoxvirus. A seroepidemiological survey was performed on antibody to the isolated virus by the agar gel immunodiffusion test. The isolated virus formed a precipitation line which cross reacted with other parapoxviruses isolated previously in Japan. The positive rate was more than 50% among cattle in the Kanto district. The positive rate increased with age. It was suggested that parapoxvirus infection might have already been prevalent among cattle in Japan.-KEY WORDS: cattle, dermatitis, mammilitis, papula, parapoxvirus.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61 (7): [749][750][751][752][753] 1999 48 hr and fresh medium was added. The cells were cultivated again for at least 12 days. The inoculated cell cultures were freeze-thawed three times and inoculated onto fresh FBL cells if a cytopathic effect (CPE) was not observed. The blind passage was repeated twice.Control viruses: Four strains of parapoxvirus isolated previously in Japan and vaccinia virus were used as controls for serological tests. The Aomori and Iwate strains were isolated from a cow with bovine papular stomatitis and a sheep with contagious pustular dermatitis, respectively, and preserved in the National Institute of Animal Health [7]. The Ishikawa-B strain and the Ishikawa-S strain were isolated from a cow and a Japanese serow with papular stomatitis, respectively, and kindly supplied by the Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center in Ishikawa Prefecture. Vaccinia virus (Lc16mO strain), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (Los Angeles strain) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (Nose strain) were preserved in the National Institute of Animal Health [4,5,15]. All viruses were propagated in fetal bovine muscle (FBM) cells.Cell cultures: FBL cell cultures and FBM cell cultures were prepared by an original tissue-culture method. FBL cells were used within 5 passages for virus isolation and FBM cells were within 20 passages for physicochemical examinations of the isolated virus and viral antigen preparation. MDBK cells were employed for antigen preparation of the isolated virus for the agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. These cells were cultivated at 37°C in Eagle's MEM containing 5% fetal calf serum and 0.3% tryptose phosphate broth.Electron microscopic observation: Culture fluids collected from FBM cells infected with the isolated virus and induced CPE were centrifuged for 30 min at 10,000 g. The supernatant was then centrifuged for 2 hr at 110,000 g.

Serological and Epidemiological Studies of Parapoxvirus Infection in Cattle in Ishikawa Prefecture

“…This is consistent with previous findings that the envelope of parapoxviruses and the plasma membrane of parapoxvirus-infected cells contain specific antigens, and that the antiserum reacts more strongly with homologous strains than with heterologous strains 9 . We found three of the 14 farms in our survey to be serologically parapoxvirus-free, as had been reported by Sentsui et al 12 , and we found the positive reaction rate in Ishikawa Prefecture to be lower than in other prefectures 5,12 .…”

“…The BPSV Ishikawa-B strain was isolated from vesicles on the teats of a dairy cow in Ishikawa Prefecture in 1995 5 , and the ORFV IJS087 strain was isolated from papules on the lips of a Japanese serow in Ishikawa Prefecture in 2008 4 . After showing cytopathic effects (CPE), the cells were cocultured with Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells.…”

Isolation and Characterization of a Parapoxvirus from Sheep with Papular Stomatitis

“…Generally, although the mortality of parapoxvirus infection is less than 1%, the morbidity in a single herd tends to be high as in this case. In Hokkaido, Japan, Kuroda et al reported that the seroprevalence of parapoxvirus infection in sheep was 46/52 (88.5%) 9 . Parapoxviruses are closely related antigenically to each other; however, reinfection after recovery seems possible.…”

“…BPSV Chiba strain 9 was purified from the supernatant of infected cells as described previously 4 . New Zealand white rabbits were immunized hypodermically with the virus suspension in Gerbu Adjuvant LQ (Gerbu Biotechnik, Gaiberg, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions.…”

Relatedness and heterogeneity at the near-terminal end of the genome of a parapoxvirus bovis 1 strain (B177) compared with parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus)

“…BPSV infection usually leads to mild and transient inflammatory lesions on the muzzles of calves, except for lesion manifestations on the udders of lactating cows (Inoshima et al, 2001;Kuroda et al, 1999;Mayr & Büttner, 1990). Due to genetic heterogeneity, molecular classification of PPV remains problematic and still relies on the source of the virus isolate (Büttner & Rziha, 2002;Gilray et al, 1998;Rafii & Burger, 1985;Robinson et al, 1982Robinson et al, , 1987.…”