An epidemiological surveillance of asymptomatic typhoid carriers associated in respect to socioeconomic status in India

Salmonella and Shigella Among Asymptomatic Street Food Vendors in the Dire Dawa city, Eastern Ethiopia: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors

“…This was in agreement with the study conducted in Haramaya, Ethiopia (1.4%), 14 but it was lower than those in reports from Abuja, Nigeria (15.5%) 26 and Debre Markos, Ethiopia (5.9%). 18 The isolation of a higher rate of Shigella emphasized the need for close supervision of food vendors at the workplace because asymptomatic carriers significantly contributed to the spread of various pathogens, 4,27 which might have a significant impact on public health in the community. Plasmid-encoded resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol and chromosome-encoded resistance to nalidixic acid Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio.…”

“…3 The problem is exacerbated in countries, where lack of food handling practices, inadequate food safety laws, weak regulatory systems, lack of financial resources to invest in safer equipment, and lack of food safety training are common. 2,4 The term "street foods" refers to a wide variety of plant and animal origins, such as green papaya salad, fried biscuit, stir-fried rice noodle, fried egg, juices, macaroni, salad, tomato stew, and sandwich are commonly sold. They are sometimes prepared in areas with busy economic activities and heavy movement of people such as transportation centers, schools, parks, market area, theaters, and other similar business centers.…”

“…3 The problem is exacerbated in countries, where lack of food handling practices, inadequate food safety laws, weak regulatory systems, lack of financial resources to invest in safer equipment, and lack of food safety training are common. 2,4…”

“…Individuals who are asymptomatic can equally be the source since enteric microorganisms found in all warm-blooded animals. 4,11 Contaminated fingernails play a great role in transporting pathogens from the source to the food items and then from the food to the body. 12 The most common pathogenic bacteria implicated in foodborne infections include Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Listeria, Campylobacter species, Enterobacter spp., and enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus .…”

Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Enteric Fever: A Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

“…Such factors are poor sanitation, contact with carriers, living near bodies of stagnant water, climatic conditions, and socioeconomic contexts (eg, literacy rates, food and water consumption patterns) [9,10]. In short, low socio-economic status and poor hygiene conditions [1,11] are responsible for the spread of the infection [12,13]. Therefore, this study aims to observe the socio-demographic factors that affects the prevalence of Enteric fever.…”