Prevalence of childhood diarrhea and associated risk factors in Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia

Mekonnen, Mohammed; Geda, Biftu; Teklemariam, Zelalem; Weldegebreal, Fitsum; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar

doi:10.1007/s10389-017-0843-y

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In this study, the overall prevalence of culture-confirmed Salmonella and Shigella infection among under-five diarrheic children was 11.7% (26/222; 95% CI: 7.2–15.5). This result is in line with studies conducted in different parts of Ethiopia; Dire Dawa 9.2% ( 13 ), Hawassa 9.5% ( 12 ), Bale Robe 11.2% ( 19 ), and Hosanna 9.5% ( 17 ). It is also in line with studies conducted in different countries like Kenya 12.5% ( 38 ), Zambia 12.4% ( 39 ), and Bangladesh 8.5% ( 40 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…A high level of resistance of Salmonella isolates was observed for ampicillin [%R = 85.7% (6/7), 95% CI: 42–99.2%]. This is in line with previous studies conducted in different parts of Ethiopia; Bahir Dar 93.9% ( 26 ), Addis Ababa 80% ( 11 ), Ambo 88.9% ( 16 ), and Dire Dawa 71.4% ( 13 ). However, it is lower than studies conducted in Debre Markos 100% ( 51 ), Alamura 100% ( 20 ), Hosanna 100% ( 17 ), and Arba Minch 100% ( 18 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The prevalence of culture-confirmed Shigella species was 8.6% (95% CI: 4.9–12.3%) which is comparable with reports from different areas of Ethiopia; Bahir Dar 9.5% ( 26 ), Addis Ababa 9.1% ( 11 ), Dire Dawa 5.6% ( 13 ), Hawassa 7% ( 12 ), and Hosanna 8.3% ( 17 ). It is also in agreement with studies in different countries; Kenya 7.4% ( 48 ), another study from Kenya 5% ( 38 ), Mexico 6% ( 49 ), and Iran 8.9% ( 43 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The prevalence of culture-confirmed Salmonella serovars was 3.2% (95% CI: 0.9–5.6%) which is comparable with studies from different parts of Ethiopia; Debre Berhan 3.1% ( 46 ), Addis Ababa 3.95% ( 11 ), Dire Dawa 3.6% ( 13 ), Hawassa 2.5% ( 12 ) and different countries like Sudan 2% ( 45 ), and Bangladesh 4.9% ( 40 ). It is also comparable with a meta-analysis done in Sub-Saharan Africa 4.5% ( 23 ) and the global prevalence of 1.9% ( 47 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella among under five diarrheic children attending public health facilities in Debre Markos town, Northwest Ethiopia

Dessale

Mengistu

Mengist

2023

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundUnder five children are at risk of diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality. Salmonella and Shigella are major causes of diarrhea in under-five children, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella among under-five diarrheic children in Debre Markos town public health facilities.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at public health facilities in Debre Markos town using a consecutive convenient sampling technique. Data on socio-demographic and associated factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Salmonella serovars and Shigella species were identified using MacConkey, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate, Salmonella Shigella agar, and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial resistance pattern was determined by using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique.ResultsThe overall prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella was 11.7% (26/222; 95% CI = 7.2–17.5%). Isolated Salmonella serovars showed a higher rate of resistance (85.7%, 6/7) for both Ampicillin and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid while Shigella isolates showed a higher resistance rate to Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (78.9%, 15/19) and Ampicillin (73.7%, 14/19). The overall multidrug resistance (MDR) rate of Salmonella and Shigella isolates was 88.5% (23/26). Parent/guardian educational status ≤ elementary school (AOR = 3.783; 95% CI = 1.28–11.19; P = 0.016), presence of two or more under-five children in the family (AOR = 8.999; 95% CI = 2.93–27.69; P < 0.001), unimproved source of drinking water (AOR = 5.010; 95% CI = 1.56–16.10; P = 0.007), the habit of storing cooked foods for later use (AOR = 3.199; 95% CI = 1.07–9.54; P = 0.037), attendance of the child at social gatherings (AOR = 5.387; 95% CI = 1.78–16.35; P = 0.003), and infrequent child fingernail trimming (every ≥ 2 weeks; AOR = 4.693; 95% CI = 1.47–14.94; P = 0.009) showed statistically significant association with the prevalence of culture-confirmed Salmonella and Shigella isolates.ConclusionThe prevalence of culture-confirmed Salmonella and Shigella isolates was significantly high in the study area. Salmonella and Shigella isolates exhibited a high rate of MDR pattern. Parent/guardian education level below the elementary school, the presence of two or more under-five children in the family, using unimproved water source, a habit of storing cooked food, and infrequent fingernail trimming were independent predictors of culture-confirmed Salmonella and Shigella. Therefore, besides public health measures, regular surveillance of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella and Shigella should be routinely practiced in the study setting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella among under five diarrheic children attending public health facilities in Debre Markos town, Northwest Ethiopia

Dessale

Mengistu

Mengist

2023

Front. Public Health

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“…For instance, a systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of under-five diarrhea in Dire Dawa was 26% [15] and in rural kebeles of Dire Dawa it was 37.1% [16]. Children using water from unprotected springs or wells were more likely to be infected with diarrhea-causing bacteria [17]. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and predisposing socio-demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors of diarrhea among children under the age of 5 years in rural districts of Dire Dawa, East Ethiopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diarrheal morbidity and predisposing factors among children under 5 years of age in rural East Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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Background: Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of preventable death among children under-five in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). In Ethiopia, diarrhea is the major contributor to deaths for children under the age of 5 years. In order to develop prevention strategies for the alleviation of childhood diarrhea, it is necessary to identify the important predisposing factors. These predisposing factors have been observed to vary by location across Eastern Ethiopia. Moreover, the evidence on prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Dire Dawa and its suburbs is very limited and those available have been erratic. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and predisposing factors of diarrhea among children under the age of 5 years in rural Dire Dawa, East Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural Dire Dawa City Administration in May 2018. Multistage sampling technique was employed to recruit 1180 under-five children from the rural population of Dire Dawa City Administration. Data on socio-demographic, environmental, and child-and hygiene-related factors were collected by trained data collectors using a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for childhood diarrhea. Results: The 2-week prevalence of diarrhea among the under-five children was 23% (95% CI 20.8-25.7%). Maternal diarrhea (AOR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.10-4.47), handwashing after contact with child feces (AOR = 6.27, 95% CI 2.01-19.55), use of a dipper to draw water from containers (AOR = 2.88, 95% CI 1.41-5.89), and presence of a refuse disposal facility (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.09-5.60) were the significant predisposing factors of diarrhea. Conclusion: Our study identified a high burden of childhood diarrheal disease in rural Dire Dawa City Administration in Eastern Ethiopia. The identified risk factors were maternal diarrhea, handwashing after contact with child feces, use of a dipper to draw water from containers, and presence of refuse disposal facility. To minimize the risk of diarrhea, health education programs focusing on good hygiene practice and sanitation as well as early treatment are recommended.

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Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of selected foodborne pathogens in human and different environmental samples in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens (FBP) are the commonest cause of foodborne illness or foodborne diseases (FBD) worldwide. They contaminate food at any stages in the entire food chain, from farm to dining-table. Among these, the Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), Non typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Shigella spp. and Campylobacter spp. are responsible for a large proportion of illnesses, deaths; and, particularly, as causes of acute diarrheal diseases. Though existing studies indicate the problem may be severe in developing countries like Ethiopia, the evidence is commonly based on fragmented data from individual studies. A review of published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to obtain information on major FBP and identify the gaps in tracking their source attributions at the human, animal and environmental interface. A total of 1753 articles were initially retrieved after restricting the study period to between January 2000 and July 2020. After the second screening, only 51 articles on the humans and 43 on the environmental sample based studies were included in this review. In the absence of subgroups, overall as well as human stool and environmental sample based pooled prevalence estimate of FBP were analyzed. Since, substantial heterogeneity is expected, we also performed a subgroup analyses for principal study variables to estimate pooled prevalence of FBP at different epidemiological settings in both sample sources. The overall random pooled prevalence estimate of FBP (Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), Shigella and Campylobacter spp.) was 8%; 95% CI: 6.5–8.7, with statistically higher (P < 0.01) estimates in environmental samples (11%) than in human stool (6%). The subgroup analysis depicted that Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli contributed to 5.7% (95% CI: 4.7–6.8) and 11.6% (95% CI: 8.8–15.1) respectively, of the overall pooled prevalence estimates of FBD in Ethiopia. The result of meta-regression showed, administrative regional state, geographic area of the study, source of sample and categorized sample size all significantly contributed to the heterogeneity of Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli estimates. Besides, the multivariate meta- regression indicated the actual study year between 2011 and 2015 was significantly associated with the environmental sample-based prevalence estimates of these FBP. This systematic review and meta-analysis depicted FBP are important in Ethiopia though majority of the studies were conducted separately either in human, animal or environmental samples employing routine culture based diagnostic method. Thus, further FBD study at the human, animal and environmental interface employing advanced diagnostic methods is needed to investigate source attributions of FBD in one health approach.

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Prevalence of childhood diarrhea and associated risk factors in Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella among under five diarrheic children attending public health facilities in Debre Markos town, Northwest Ethiopia

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella among under five diarrheic children attending public health facilities in Debre Markos town, Northwest Ethiopia

Diarrheal morbidity and predisposing factors among children under 5 years of age in rural East Ethiopia

Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of selected foodborne pathogens in human and different environmental samples in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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