An Epizootic of Besnoitiosis in Captive Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou), Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus) and Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus Hemionus)

Glover, Gordon J.; Swendrowski, Mark; Cawthorn, Richard J.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-26.2.186

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In situ gross assessment of conjunctiva, skin, and subcutaneous tissues for the presence of cysts has been used to evaluate the occurrence of B. tarandi in caribou (Glover et al, 1990;Gunn et al, 1991; Lewis, 1992). Our study documented that the gross examination markedly underestimated the prevalence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, wild ruminants and rodents should not be ruled out as potential reservoirs (Castillo et al, 2009;Mehlhorn et al, 2009). Biting or bloodsucking arthropods also may be important vectors of B. tarandi (Glover et al, 1990), but unlike bovine besnoitiosis (Bigalke, 1968), this has not been scientifically demonstrated. Suggestions that ungulates may play the role of aberrant hosts and that migrating birds could potentially contribute to range expansions (Olias et al, 2011) need to be investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gross visual assessment has been used to detect B. tarandi infection (Lewis, 1989;Glover et al, 1990;Gunn et al, 1991;Lewis, 1992;Dubey et al, 2004). Cysts are white to translucent spherical nodules of 0.5 to 1.0 mm, visible on the bulbar conjunctiva and other affected tissues (Wobeser, 1976;Ayroud et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Gross Visual and Microscopic Assessment of Four Anatomic Sites to Monitor Besnoitia Tarandi in Barren-Ground Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus)

Ducrocq

Beauchamp

Kutz

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to establish a standardized protocol to monitor Besnoitia tarandi prevalence and intensity in barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus) herds by: 1) calculating the relative sensitivity and specificity of the gross visual assessment of four anatomical sites compared with microscopic evaluation, and 2) determining which of four anatomical sampling sites was the most sensitive for detecting B. tarandi cysts by microscopy. Sampled tissues consisted of the conjunctiva of the left eye and skin sections from the rostrum, metatarsus, and thigh from 312 harvested caribou. Diagnosis of infection with B. tarandi was based on observation of at least one cyst by microscopic examination. For each tissue, the maximal density of cysts (number of B. tarandi cysts/mm 2 in the section examined) was calculated for a measured area consisting of the dermis extending from the epidermis of the skin to the base of the hair follicles and adnexal structures. For the conjunctiva, the entire submucosa was evaluated. Gross visual evaluation markedly underestimated B. tarandi prevalence in caribou with a relative sensitivity ranging from 0.29 in the conjunctiva to 0.13 in the skin section from the thigh, whereas relative specificities ranged from 0.98 to 1.00. The metatarsus and rostrum skin sections had the highest probabilities of cyst detection of all four anatomical sampling sites. The metatarsus harbored significantly higher densities of B. tarandi cysts than the rostrum, thigh, or conjunctiva. In conclusion, microscopic evaluation of a skin section from the anterior aspect of the mid-third portion of the metatarsal region could be used as a standardized comparative indicator of density of B. tarandi infection in Rangifer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Gross Visual and Microscopic Assessment of Four Anatomic Sites to Monitor Besnoitia Tarandi in Barren-Ground Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus)

Ducrocq

Beauchamp

Kutz

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…This could probably be due to more aggressive vector activity in Northern Nigeria. Glover et al (1990) had observed that reduction of exposure to biting insects appeared to reduce the rate of transmission of B. tarandi among reindeers. Therefore, if the husbandry practices did not include adequate control of insect bites, it is possible that this might have allowed the transmission of B. besnoiti and hence the high prevalence in the study area, where most of the cattle population are essentially nomadic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of <i>Besnoitia besnoiti</i> antibodies in bovine sera and milk in Northern Nigeria

Sambo¹,

Ibrahim²,

Esievo³

et al. 2014

Sokoto J. Vet. Sc.

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Besnoitia besnoiti, a re-emergent parasite of cattle in Europe, occurs in many countries of Africa and other parts of the world. Clinical observations and incidental findings of B. besnoiti in cattle have been reported in the Southern and Northern regions of Nigeria, but the prevalence of antibodies against this parasite is not yet known. This investigation was designed to determine the seroprevalence of bovine besnoitiosis in Northern Nigeria. A total of 400 cattle were selected at random through cluster sampling of herds from two Local Government Areas (LGA) each, of 5 States in the region (Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Sokoto and Borno States), between May, 2008 and November, 2009. Sera samples obtained from cows, bulls and calves, and milk from lactating cows with suckling calves were screened with indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) for antibodies to B. besnoiti. Out of the 400 samples 321 (80.3%) were positive for antibodies to B. besnoiti. Cattle sampled in Borno had the highest (87.5%) prevalence of antibodies to B. besnoiti, while those sampled from Katsina State had the least prevalence (62.3%). Wamako LGA of Sokoto State had the highest prevalence of the antibodies (100.0%), whi le Dan Musa LGA in Katsina had the least prevalence (53.0%) among the ten LGA sampled, however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Similarly, the overall prevalence of antibodies to B. besnoiti did not vary significantly between bulls (84.0%) and cows (79.0%), or in the dry (83.6%) and wet (77.1%) seasons (p > 0.05). The high prevalence of antibodies to B. besnoiti in cattle in Northern Nigeria indicates an endemic state of the disease in this region.

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“…Besnoitiosis has been formerly reported in ten genuses of various animals including cattle, goats, sheep, equids, reindeer, caribou, opossums, rabbits, rodents, wood rat and lizards (Oryan et al 2008a, b;Dubey and Yabsley 2010;Leighton and Gajadhar 2001). Besnoitiosis is a severe but usually non-fatal disease with considerable economic impact (Frenkel 1977;Glover et al 1990;Heerden and Els 1993;Kafi et al 2007). The life cycle of Besnoitia species has not been clarified completely yet but some species can be transmitted mechanically from one intermediated host to other susceptible intermediate hosts through tachyzoites or bradyzoites (Bigalke 1968;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of murine model for Besnoitia caprae

2014

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It has been shown that mice, particularly the BALB/c ones, are susceptible to infection by some of the apicomplexan parasites. To compare the susceptibility of the inbred BALB/c, outbred BALB/c and C57 BL/6 to Besnoitia caprae inoculation and to determine LD50, 30 male inbred BALB/c, 30 outbred BALB/c and 30 C57 BL/ 6 mice were assigned into 18 groups of 5 mice. Each group was inoculated intraperitoneally with 12.5 9 10 3 , 25 9 10 3 , 5 9 10 4 , 1 9 10 5 , 2 9 10 5 tachyzoites and a control inoculum of DMEM, respectively. The inbred BALB/c was found the most susceptible strain among the experienced mice strains so the LD50 per inbred BALB/c mouse was calculated as 12.5 9 10 3.6 tachyzoites while the LD50 for the outbred BALB/c and C57 BL/6 was 25 9 10 3.4 and 5 9 10 4 tachyzoites per mouse, respectively. To investigate the impact of different routes of inoculation in the most susceptible mice strain, another seventy five male inbred BALB/c mice were inoculated with 2 9 10 5 tachyzoites of B. caprae via various inoculation routes including: subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, infraorbital and oral. All the mice in the oral and infraorbital groups survived for 60 days, whereas the IM group showed quicker death and more severe pathologic lesions, which was then followed by SC and IP groups. Therefore, BALB/c mouse is a proper laboratory model and IM inoculation is an ideal method in besnoitiosis induction and a candidate in treatment, prevention and testing the efficacy of vaccines for besnoitiosis.

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An Epizootic of Besnoitiosis in Captive Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou), Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus) and Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus Hemionus)

Cited by 33 publications

References 4 publications

Comparison of Gross Visual and Microscopic Assessment of Four Anatomic Sites to Monitor Besnoitia Tarandi in Barren-Ground Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus)

Comparison of Gross Visual and Microscopic Assessment of Four Anatomic Sites to Monitor Besnoitia Tarandi in Barren-Ground Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus)

Prevalence of <i>Besnoitia besnoiti</i> antibodies in bovine sera and milk in Northern Nigeria

Optimization of murine model for Besnoitia caprae

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