This article describes principles and practices of data collection to evaluate the attainment of meaningful out comes in educational services for students with severe disabilities and serious behavior problems. In contrast to a limited outcome such as a temporary change in one target behavior in a controlled clinical setting, an ex panded definition of effectiveness would require evidence of a range of more meaningful outcomes for child, school, family, and community. Several user-friendly measures to document such outcomes are described, which were field-tested in an educational consultation project serving students with severe disabilities and chal lenging behaviors in integrated schools. The article con cludes with a discussion of the advantages of an empha sis upon both meaningful outcomes and the use of measurement strategies that blend well and have high utility for typical schools while simultaneously increas ing programmatic rigor and general school responsibil ity for what happens to students.DESCRIPTORS: applied behavior analysis, assess ment, behavioral assessment, behavioral management, data collection, decision-making, educational validity, excess behavior, functional analysis, research evaluation