An evaluation of discarded tires as a potential source of fuel

Collins, L.W.; Downs, W.; Gibson, E. K.; Moore, Gary

doi:10.1016/0040-6031(74)85034-3

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In Table 2, relatively higher oil yield had been found by other researchers, for example, Cunliffe and Williams 4 reported 58.2 wt % in a laboratory-scale fixed bed at 475°C, and Roy et al 7 and Pakdel et al 8 reported 53.7 wt % at 431°C in a vacuum process. Meanwhile lower oil yields than in the current work had also been reported by, for example, Cypres and Bettens 14 with an oil yield of 41.3 wt % in a two-stage process, Collins et al 42 with an oil yield of 27% in a rotary kiln, and Williams et al 24 with oil yield of 32.5 wt % in a large-scale batch unit. The difference of oil yields by various reactors may be related to the control of secondary postcracking of vapors that are related to their residence time in the reactor.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Properties of Pyrolytic Chars and Activated Carbons Derived from Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis of Used Tires

Yao

Wen

et al. 2005

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Used tires were pyrolyzed in a pilot-scale quasi-inert rotary kiln. Influences of variables, such as time, temperature, and agent flow, on the activation of obtained char were subsequently investigated in a laboratory-scale fixed bed. Mesoporous pores are found to be dominant in the pore structures of raw char. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surfaces of activated chars increased linearly with carbon burnoff. The carbon burnoff of tire char achieved by carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) under otherwise identical conditions was on average 75% of that achieved by steam, but their BET surfaces are almost the same. The proper activation greatly improved the aqueous adsorption of raw char, especially for small molecular adsorbates, for example, phenol from 6 to 51 mg/g. With increasing burnoff, phenol adsorption exhibited a first-stage linear increase followed by a rapid drop after 30% burnoff. Similarly, iodine adsorption first increased linearly, but it held as the burnoff exceeded 40%, which implied that the reduction of iodine adsorption due to decreasing micropores was partially made up by increasing mesopores. Both raw chars and activated chars showed appreciable adsorption capacity of methylene-blue comparable with that of commercial carbons. Thus, tire-derived activated carbons can be used as an excellent mesoporous adsorbent for larger molecular species.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Properties of Pyrolytic Chars and Activated Carbons Derived from Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis of Used Tires

Yao

Wen

et al. 2005

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…The residue carbon in pyrolytic oil was 1.3−3.3 wt %. The corresponding value reported by Roy et al was 1.2−1.3 wt %, and that by Williams was 0.5−2.2 wt %. − A typical diesel fuel would have a carbon residue of approximately 0.2 wt %; however, fuel oils used in a very large diesel engine may have carbon residues of up to 12 wt %. Thus, the tire-derived oil should be used in a large diesel engine or industrial boiler rather a microscale typical diesel.…”

Section: Discussion and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…(1) Pyrolytic char has potential as a low-grade carbon black for a reinforcing filler or a printing ink pigment, − as a carbon adsorbent after proper activation, − and as a solid or slurry fuel …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires in a Continuous Rotary Kiln Reactor

Yao

Chi

et al. 2004

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

238

140

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The pilot-scale pyrolysis of scrap tires in a continuous rotary kiln reactor was investigated at temperatures between 450 and 650 °C. As the reactor temperature increased, the char yield remained constant with a mean of 39.8 wt %. The oil yield reached a maximum value of 45.1 wt % at 500 °C. The pyrolytic derived oils can be used as liquid fuels because of their high heating value (40−42 MJ/kg), excellent viscosity (1.6−3.7 cS), and reasonable sulfur content (0.97−1.54 wt %). The true-boiling-point distillation test showed that there was a 39.2−42.3 wt % light naphtha fraction in the pyrolytic oil. The volatile aromatics were quantified in the naphtha fraction using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. The maximum concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, and limonene in the oil were 2.09 wt %, 7.24 wt %, 2.13 wt %, and 5.44 wt %, respectively. The abundant presence of aromatic groups was also confirmed by functional group Fourier transform infrared analysis. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as fluorine, phenanthrene, and anthracene increased with increasing temperature. The pyrolytic char was composed of mesopores with a Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface area of about 89.1 m2/g. The char after carbon dioxide activation had a high BET surface area of 306 m2/g at 51.3% burnoff. The relationship between the surface area and the carbon burnoff was almost linear. Both the original pyrolytic char and the activated char have good potential for use as adsorbents of relatively large molecular species.

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“…Collins et al (1974) reported an ignition temperature of approximately 510°C and a heat of combustion of order -3 x lo4 kJ/kg (about -360 kJ/mol if char is considered to be carbon only) for tire pyrolysis chars.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis of scrap tires and conversion of chars to activated carbon

1993

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The primary objective of this work was to demonstrate the conversion of scrap tires to activated carbon. We have been successful in this endeavor, producing carbons with surface areas greater than 500 m2/g and significant micropore volumes. Tire shreddings were pyrolyzed in batch reactors, and the pyrolysis chars activated by reaction with superheated steam. Solid products of pyrolysis and activation were studied with nitrogen adsorption techniques. We find that the porosity development during steam activation of tire pyrolysis char is similar to that reported for various other chars. A maximum in micropore volume is observed as a function of conversion, but the total surface area increases monotonically with conversion. We suggest that the activation process consists of micropore formation, followed by pore enlargement. The process conditions used in this study are a good starting point from which to optimize a process to convert tires to activated carbon. IntroductionScrap tires are a major environmental problem. An estimated 2.5 x lo9 kg of scrap tires are generated each year in North America (Williams et al., 1990). The conventional method of reusing waste rubber is to convert it into rubber reclaim, which is suitable for mixing with virgin rubber compounding materials. However, rubber reclaim generated from scrap tires does not have suitable properties for use in tire manufacture and must be used for low-value rubber goods (Makarov and Drozdovski, 1991). Moreover, production with rubber reclaim can be more costly than production with virgin raw materials (Crane and Kay, 1975). As a result, the majority of scrap tires accumulate in dumps, posing hazards such as disease and accidental fires.Tires contain carbon-black-reinforced rubber, and both inorganic and organic belt materials. The rubber component may be natural rubber, but styrene-butadiene (about 25% styrene) copolymer rubber (SBR) is more common. A typical tire compounding composition contains 62 wt. Vo SBR, 31 wt. % carbon black, and small amounts of other materials including extender oils, sulfur, zinc oxide, and stearic acid. Carbon black is used to reinforce the rubber. The rubber is cross-linked by vulcanization, which involves reactions with sulfur. Small amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid are added to control Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to M. A. Petrich. the vulcanization process and enhance the properties of the final products (Studebaker and Beatty, 1978).The potential value of reusing the polymeric base of old tires has received considerable attention. Alternatives include production of goods with reclaim, use of ground rubber as construction filler, and degradation to basic raw materials by pyrolysis (Makarov and Drozdovski, 1991). Filler and reclaim applications have relatively small economic potential. Incineration of tires may be an effective means of waste volume reduction, but incineration does not recover much of the intrinsic value of the materials in the tire (Williams et al., 1990). The hydrocarbon...

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An evaluation of discarded tires as a potential source of fuel

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Properties of Pyrolytic Chars and Activated Carbons Derived from Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis of Used Tires

Properties of Pyrolytic Chars and Activated Carbons Derived from Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis of Used Tires

Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires in a Continuous Rotary Kiln Reactor

Pyrolysis of scrap tires and conversion of chars to activated carbon

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