An evaluation of life cycle assessment and its application to the closed-loop recycling of carbon fibre reinforced polymers

Tapper, Rhys J.; Longana, Marco L.; Norton, Andrew; Potter, Kevin D; Hamerton, Ian

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107665

Cited by 114 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…The use of fibres significantly beyond the critical length has in large part made up for deficiencies of the interface through the simple addition of interface area. In concurrent work, closed-loop recycling of thermoplastic matrix composites was investigated which showed an increase in strength over multiple recycling loops which shows an increase in strength may be possible by optimizing the fibre-matrix interface [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Careful selection of the fibre length and matrix system allows for retention of most of the mechanical performance of a continuous fibre solution, without the need for cumbersome and restrictive fibre cutting and initial laydown procedures within the additive manufacturing process. This process may also be suitable for recycling of continuous fibre waste and enable a low-cost method for composite manufacture where rapid prototyping and a high degree of automation are required [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication and Characterisation of Aligned Discontinuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics as Feedstock Material for Fused Filament Fabrication

2020

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In this work, aligned discontinuous fibre composite (ADFRC) tapes were developed and investigated as precursors for a novel 3D printing filament. ADFRCs have the potential to achieve mechanical performance comparable to continuous fibre reinforced composites, given sufficient fibre length and high level of alignment, and avoid many of the manufacturing difficulties associated with continuous fibres, e.g., wrinkling, bridging and corner radii constraints. Their potential use for fused filament fabrication (FFF) techniques was investigated here. An extensive down-selection process of thermoplastic matrices was performed, as matrix properties significantly impact both the processing and performance of the filament. This resulted in four candidate polymers (ABS, PLA, Nylon, PETG) which were used to manufacture ADFRC tapes with a Vf of 12.5% using the high performance discontinuous fibre (HiPerDiF) technology and an in-house developed continuous consolidation module. Tensile stiffness and strength up to 30 GPa and 400 MPa respectively were recorded, showing that a discontinuous fibre filament has the potential to compete with continuous fibre filaments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Characterisation of Aligned Discontinuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics as Feedstock Material for Fused Filament Fabrication

2020

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“…However, sustained growth in the composite industry can only be achieved if components and methodologies are sustainable, with the additional considerations of economic and environmental factors. Consequently, the composites industry is becoming increasingly aware of the importance of materials selection, manufacturing, end-of-life waste management strategies, and the life cycle assessment (LCA), a fundamental tool for the design phase [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of Natural Fibres for Sustainable Discontinuous Fibre Composite Materials

et al. 2020

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Growing environmental concerns and stringent waste-flow regulations make the development of sustainable composites a current industrial necessity. Natural fibre reinforcements are derived from renewable resources and are both cheap and biodegradable. When they are produced using eco-friendly, low hazard processes, then they can be considered as a sustainable source of fibrous reinforcement. Furthermore, their specific mechanical properties are comparable to commonly used, non-environmentally friendly glass-fibres. In this study, four types of abundant natural fibres (jute, kenaf, curaua, and flax) are investigated as naturally-derived constituents for high performance composites. Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the natural fibres are examined to evaluate their suitability as discontinuous reinforcements whilst also generating a database for material selection. Single fibre tensile and microbond tests were performed to obtain stiffness, strength, elongation, and interfacial shear strength of the fibres with an epoxy resin. Moreover, the critical fibre lengths of the natural fibres, which are important for defining the mechanical performances of discontinuous and short fibre composites, were calculated for the purpose of possible processing of highly aligned discontinuous fibres. This study is informative regarding the selection of the type and length of natural fibres for the subsequent production of discontinuous fibre composites.

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“…The increasing utilization of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPC), especially thermosetting polymers, has raised environmental and economic awareness for the need to recycle the composites [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. To this end, employment of polyolefins for fabrication of advanced and recyclable carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTCs) possessing high solvent/environmental resistance, high modulus, strength, and toughness, can relieve the economic, environmental, and political pressure [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Lightweight CFRTCs already demonstrate great potential for automobile, aerospace, defense sectors, civil infrastructures, sport/leisure goods, and energy sector [1,5,6,12,[20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Porous Carbon Films and Their Impact on Carbon/Polypropylene Interfacial Bonding

et al. 2021

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Porous carbon films were generated by thermal treatment of polymer films made from poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate)/polyethylene terephthalate (PAN/PET) blend. The precursor films were fabricated by a dip-coating process using PAN/PET solutions in hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP). A two-step process, including stabilization and carbonization, was employed to produce the carbon films. PET functioned as a pore former. Specifically, porous carbon films with thicknesses from 0.38–1.83 μm and pore diameters between 0.1–10 μm were obtained. The higher concentrations of PET in the PAN/PET mixture and the higher withdrawal speed during dip-coating caused the formation of larger pores. The thickness of the carbon films can be regulated using the withdrawal speed used in the dip-coating deposition. We determined that the deposition of the porous carbon film on graphite substrate significantly increases the value of the interfacial shear strength between graphite plates and thermoplastic PP. This study has shown the feasibility of fabrication of 3D porous carbon structure on the surface of carbon materials for increasing the interfacial strength. We expect that this approach can be employed for the fabrication of high-performance carbon fiber-thermoplastic composites.

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An evaluation of life cycle assessment and its application to the closed-loop recycling of carbon fibre reinforced polymers

Cited by 114 publications

References 75 publications

Fabrication and Characterisation of Aligned Discontinuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics as Feedstock Material for Fused Filament Fabrication

Fabrication and Characterisation of Aligned Discontinuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics as Feedstock Material for Fused Filament Fabrication

Characterisation of Natural Fibres for Sustainable Discontinuous Fibre Composite Materials

Fabrication of Porous Carbon Films and Their Impact on Carbon/Polypropylene Interfacial Bonding

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