An evaluation of menu properties and pointing techniques in a projection-based VR environment

3D Marking menu selection with freehand gestures

“…They found that selection performance is reduced if the menu is in a fixed location in the 3D environment. Menus have also been used in VR with different layouts and selection using a wired wand [6]. The results showed that a pie layout was 10% faster than vertical lists, and also confirmed that a fixed menu needed more time to select than a contextual menu.…”

Evaluating Menu Techniques for Handheld AR with a Smartphone & Mid-Air Pen

“…Early HCI studies suggest that pie menus are faster compared to linear menus [5,10]. With regard to the number of elements in a menu, studies have found that eight items per level achieves good results and this number is used in several menu evaluations [18,22,24].…”

“…For Virtual Reality, Das and Borst [10] evaluated various menu setups and interactions. They compared ray-casting to techniques that attach a cursor to the menu and control it indirectly (PAM: pointer-attached-to-menu).…”

“…The contextual menus around a specific object were used faster than fixed-world menus. However, the authors did not detect differences in error rates between these menu styles [10]. Dang and Mestre [9] found out that the performance of menus also depends on their orientation in space and that accuracy on horizontal menus decreases compared to more angled menus.…”

“…We decided to use radial menus for all our mid-air menus as they have shown best results in the literature (e.g., [5,10,20]) and keeping them the same reduces the impact of different presentation techniques. In the center of the menu, we placed a 'back' button that allows to close the menu.…”