An evaluation of the acute toxicity to aquatic biota of a coal conversion effluent and its major components

Parkhurst, Benjamin R.; Bradshaw, A. S.; Forte, J. L.; Wright, Gail P.

doi:10.1007/bf01769968

Cited by 36 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Iron was identified as a potential toxicant for D. magna, because iron concentrations in all tested samples were three-to sixfold higher than the reported EC50s (15-17 mg/L) for this organism [14,32]. For ammonia, the concentrations in the 7.3-d HRT effluent also exceeded the reported toxicity endpoints (LC50, 25.4 mg/L) [33]. This, however, was not the case for the other metals and sulfate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Toxicity and Metal Speciation in Acid Mine Drainage Treated by Passive Bioreactors

Neculita¹,

Vigneault²,

Zagury³

2007

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Sulfate-reducing passive bioreactors treat acid mine drainage (AMD) by increasing its pH and alkalinity and by removing metals as metal sulfide precipitates. In addition to discharge limits based on physicochemical parameters, however, treated effluent is required to be nontoxic. Acute and sublethal toxicity was assessed for effluent from 3.5-L column bioreactors filled with mixtures of natural organic carbon sources and operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) for the treatment of a highly contaminated AMD. Effluent was first tested for acute (Daphnia magna and Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sublethal (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Lemna minor) toxicity. Acute toxicity was observed for D. magna, and a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedure was then performed to identify potential toxicants. Finally, metal speciation in the effluent was determined using ultrafiltration and geochemical modeling for the interpretation of the toxicity results. The 10-d HRT effluent was nonacutely lethal for O. mykiss but acutely lethal for D. magna. The toxicity to D. magna, however, was removed by 2 h of aeration, and the TIE procedure suggested iron as a cause of toxicity. Sublethal toxicity of the 10-d HRT effluent was observed for all test species, but it was reduced compared to the raw AMD and to a 7.3-d HRT effluent. Data regarding metal speciation indicated instability of both effluents during aeration and were consistent with the toxicity being caused by iron. Column bioreactors in operation for more than nine months efficiently improved the physicochemical quality of highly contaminated AMD at different HRTs. The present study, however, indicated that design of passive treatment should include sufficient HRT and posttreatment aeration to meet acute toxicity requirements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Toxicity and Metal Speciation in Acid Mine Drainage Treated by Passive Bioreactors

Neculita¹,

Vigneault²,

Zagury³

2007

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…Un-ionized ammonia has been reported to be a contributing factor to mortality in toxicity tests. Initial pond water un-ionized ammonia values were below reported levels causing toxicity in laboratory tests or in pond aquaculture ( [30][31][32][33][34]). Some studies suggest that the acute toxicity of KMnO 4 to channel catfish, rainbow trout, and hybrid striped bass can be greater in lower temperature and at higher pH, alkalinity, and hardness [17,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sparks, unpublished data, Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, IL, USA; C.W. West, unpublished data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN; see also [30–34]). Some studies suggest that the acute toxicity of KMnO 4 to channel catfish, rainbow trout, and hybrid striped bass can be greater in lower temperature and at higher pH, alkalinity, and hardness [17,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to nontarget aquatic organisms

Hobbs

Grippo

Farris

et al. 2006

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used worldwide in freshwater pond aquaculture for treatment and prevention of waterborne external parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Nevertheless, KMnO4 has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and insufficient information exists to allow evaluation of the environmental risk of KMnO4 exposures. Limited data exist concerning KMnO4 toxicity to nontarget species in systems receiving aquaculture effluent from treated ponds. The goal of this research is to generate effects data for use in developing an ecological risk assessment of KMnO4. Toxicity tests were used to compare the relative sensitivities of five standard aquatic test species to KMnO4. Acute toxicity test results using synthetic moderately hard water show static 96-h mean median lethal concentration (LC50) values +/- standard deviation (SD) of 0.058 +/- 0.006 mg/L for Ceriodaphnia dubia, 0.053 +/- 0.009 mg/L for Daphnia magna, 2.13 +/- 0.07 mg/L for Pimephales promelas, 4.74 +/- 1.05 mg/L for Hyalella azteca, and 4.43 +/- 0.79 mg/L for Chironomus tentans. Most of these values are below the recommended KMnO4 treatment rate of at least 2.0 mg/L or 2.5 times the water's potassium permanganate demand (PPD; an estimation of the available reducing agents in the exposure water), suggesting significant environmental risk. However, repeating these laboratory tests using pond water resulted in significantly reduced toxicity, with static 96-h mean LC50 values (+/-SD) of 2.39 +/- 0.36 mg/L for C. dubia, 1.98 +/- 0.12 mg/L for D. magna, 11.22 +/- 1.07 mg/L for P. promelas, 13.55 +/- 2.24 mg/L for H. azteca, and 12.30 +/- 2.83 mg/L for C. tentans. The PPD of synthetic moderately hard water was 0.329 +/- 0.114 mg/L; however, pond water PPD was 5.357 +/- 0.967 mg/L. The effective disease-treating dose based on 2.5 times the PPD would thus be 0.823 and 13.392 mg KMnO4/L, respectively, exceeding the LC50 for most of these nontarget organisms, even in pond water, immediately after treatment.

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“…_ AIR QUALITY: SOURCES, DISTRIBUTION, FATE, AND AMBIENT LEVELS Sources of naturally occurring phenol are animal waste and decomposition of organic wastes (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983). Manmade sources of phenol include the fractional distillation of coal tar (Thurman, 1982), effluents from the conversion of coal (Parkhurst et al, 1979), and waste water from manufacturers of resins, plastics, fibers, adhesives, iron and steel, aluminum, leather, and rubbers (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983). Other sources of environmental phenol for all media (air, water, soil) include spills during transport, storage, and use, and emissions during manufacturing processes (Delaney and Hughes, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated With Phenol

1987

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Phenol, a monohydroxy derivative of benzene, occurs naturally in animal waste and by decomposition of organic wastes. It is also produced by man, originally by fractional distillation of coal tar, but more recently by cumene hydroperoxidation and toluene oxidation. As a result of large production volume and natural sources, occupational and environmental exposure to phenol is likely. Phenol poisoning can occur by skin absorption, vapor inhalation, or ingestion, and, regardless of route of exposure, can result in detrimental health effects. Acute toxicity has been observed in man and experimental animals, resulting in muscle weakness, convulsions, and coma. In addition, studies have shown that although teratogenic effects have not been associated with exposure to phenol by either inhalation or oral route, high doses of phenol are fetotoxic. This paper addresses these studies and others in an attempt to determine if human health is at risk to those levels of phenol present in the environment and workplace. However, because data are limited, further research is necessary to analyze the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of this chemical.

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An evaluation of the acute toxicity to aquatic biota of a coal conversion effluent and its major components

Cited by 36 publications

References 1 publication

Toxicity and Metal Speciation in Acid Mine Drainage Treated by Passive Bioreactors

Toxicity and Metal Speciation in Acid Mine Drainage Treated by Passive Bioreactors

Comparative acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to nontarget aquatic organisms

Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated With Phenol

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