An Evaluation of the Khubelu Wetland and Receiving Stream Water Quality for Community Use

Abstract

Wetlands in Lesotho are at the headwaters of some shared river basins like the Orange-Senqu River basin. These wetlands are threatened by various anthropogenic activities which are compromising their water quality. This study assessed the water quality status of the Khubelu wetland and stream using various water quality parameters to determine its suitability for domestic use, irrigation, and livestock watering. This was a preliminary research study on the suitability of the stream water for various uses in the study area. Calcium was the most concentrated cation in the stream (8.20 mg/L to 16.8 mg/L), followed by magnesium (7.29 mg/L to 12.51 mg/L), with sodium and potassium showing minimum values. The chemical oxygen demand values were in the range of 48 to 160 mg/L. All parameters were within the EU and WHO ranges for drinking water, except EC, DO, BOD, COD, and PO4 levels. The Khubelu wetland water quality index (WQI) had a value of 93, whereas the stream WQI value was 107. The sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values for the wetland and stream were 3.83 and 1.04, respectively, whereas the Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) ranged from 18.19 to 39.25%. The stream water quality was acceptable for animal watering and crop irrigation, whereas wetland water would be acceptable for animal watering and would present some challenges for crop irrigation purposes due to the magnesium hazard it poses. The implications for the management of the wetland are discussed.

Heavy metal exposure risk associated with ingestion of Oreochromis niloticus and Coptodon kottae harvested from a lacustrine ecosystem

“…The means of water quality parameters of Barombi Kotto lake presented in Awo ( 2020 ) were used to determine the WQI of the river using Weight Arithmetic WQI as indicated in Eq. 1 (George & Ngole-Jeme, 2022 ). where WQI is the water quality index, i is the number of water quality parameters, qi is the quality rating for each water quality parameter, and Wi is the relative weight for the water quality parameter.…”

Determinan Kualitas Air terhadap Penggunaan Air Bersih dalam Rumah Tangga

“…Nilai-nilai WQI ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air lebih baik di tengah sungai daripada di hulu dan hilir lahan basah. Air dari lahan basah dan sungai, bagaimanapun, tidak aman untuk penggunaan domestik oleh masyarakat dan harus diperlakukan sebelum pemanfaatan, oleh karena itulah kita harus menjaga kualitas air sesuai dengan indeks-indeks yang telah ditentukan oleh instansi kesehatan lingkungan yang berbasis air agar tetap seimbang (George et al, 2022).…”