An Evidence for Nitrophenols Contamination in Antarctic Fresh-Water and Snow. Simultaneous Determination of Nitrophenols and Nitroarenes at ng/L Levels

Vanni, Adriano; Pellegrino, Vincenzo; Gamberini, Roberta; Calabria, Adelaide

doi:10.1080/03067310108044394

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The nitrophenol concentrations measured are in the same range with those previously reported for snow samples collected in central Europe and Antarctica (Alber et al, 1989;Vanni et al, 2001; Table S1), but usually lower (up to two orders of magnitude lower) than those reported in rainwater from central and northern Europe (Leuenberger et 5 al., 1988;Herterich and Herrmann, 1990;Levsen et al, 1991;Bossi et al, 2002;Asman et al, 2005;Schummer et al, 2009; Table S1) and the USA (Ganranoo et al, 2010; Table S1). One must note that here we report the NMAH concentrations in both particulate and dissolved phases, which was not done in the previous studies (Table S1).…”

Section: Nmah Concentrations and Distribution In Snow 15supporting

confidence: 74%

“…dinitro-ortho-cresol, DNOC) were the most frequently measured nitrophenols in precipitation in urban and rural Europe (Leuenberger et al, 1988;Alber et al, 1989;Herterich and Herrmann, 1990;Levsen et al, 1990;Levsen et al, 1991;Levsen et al, 1993;Schüssler and Nitschke, 2001;Bossi et al, 2002;Kohler and Heeb, 2003;Asman et al, 2005;Belloli et al, 2006;Jaber et al, 2007;Schummer et al, 2009), in North America (Ganranoo 25 et al, 2010), and Antarctica (Vanni et al, 2001) (Table S1). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

Shahpoury¹,

Kitanovski²,

Lammel³

2018

Preprint

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Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N/OPAHs) are emitted in combustion processes and formed in polluted air. Their precipitation cycling has hardly been studied. Fresh snow samples at urban and rural sites in central Europe, as well as surface snow from a remote site in Svalbard were analysed for 17 NPAHs, 9 OPAHs, and 11 nitrated mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs), of which most N/OPAHs as well as nitrocatechols, 5 nitrosalicylic acids, and 4-nitroguaiacol are studied for the first time in precipitation. In order to better understand the scavenging mechanisms, the particulate mass fractions (Ө) at 273K were predicted using a multiphase gas-particle partitioning model based on polyparameter linear free energy relationships. ∑NPAH concentrations were 1.2-17.6 and 8.8-19.1 ng L -1 at urban and rural sites, whereas ∑OPAHs were 0.3-1.1 and 0.5-2.4 µg L -1 at these sites, respectively.Acenaphthoquinone and 9,10-anthraquinone were predominant in snow dissolved and particulate phase, respectively. 10 NPAHs were only found in the particulate phase with 9-nitroanthracene being predominant followed by 2-nitrofluoranthene. Among NMAHs, 4-nitrophenol showed the highest abundance in both phases. The levels found for nitrophenols were in the same range or lower than those reported in the 1980s and 1990s. The lowest levels of ∑OPAHs and ∑NMAHs were found at the remote site (9.2 and 390.5 ng L -1 , respectively). N/OPAHs preferentially partitioned in snow particulate phase in accordance with predicted Ө, whereas NMAHs were predominant in the 15 dissolved phase, regardless of Ө. It is concluded that the phase distribution of non-polar N/OPAHs in snow is determined by their gas-particle partitioning prior to snow scavenging, whereas that for polar particulate phase substances, i.e. NMAHs, is determined by an interplay between gas-particle partitioning in the aerosol, particle mass size distribution, and dissolution during in-or below-cloud scavenging.Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Section: Nmah Concentrations and Distribution In Snow 15supporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

Shahpoury¹,

Kitanovski²,

Lammel³

2018

Preprint

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“…For example, photochemical oxidation of benzene, toluene (Wang et al, 2019), and m-cresol (Iinuma et al, 2010) can form certain NACs. NACs can also form in aerosol or cloud water through aqueous-phase reactions (Vione et al, 2001(Vione et al, , 2005, for example, photonitration of guaiacol in the aqueous phase (Kitanovski et al, 2014). However, little is known about the importance of primary versus secondary sources for particle-bound NACs because speciation of NACs and quantification of their sources are still very limited so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement report: PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China – seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) are a group of key chromophores for brown carbon (light-absorbing organic carbon, i.e., BrC) aerosol, which affects radiative forcing. The chemical composition and sources of NACs and their contributions to BrC absorption, however, are still not well understood. In this study, PM2.5-bound NACs in Xi'an, Northwest China, were investigated for 112 daily PM2.5 filter samples from 2015 to 2016. Both the total concentrations and contributions from individual species of NACs show distinct seasonal variations. The seasonally averaged concentrations of NACs are 2.1 (spring), 1.1 (summer), 12.9 (fall), and 56 ng m−3 (winter). Thereinto, 4-nitrophenol is the major NAC component in spring (58 %). The concentrations of 5-nitrosalicylic acid and 4-nitrophenol dominate in summer (70 %), and the concentrations of 4-nitrocatechol and 4-nitrophenol dominate in fall (58 %) and winter (55 %). The NAC species show different seasonal patterns in concentrations, indicating differences in emissions and formation pathways. Source apportionment results using positive matrix factorization (PMF) further show large seasonal differences in the sources of NACs. Specifically, in summer, NACs were highly influenced by secondary formation and vehicle emissions (∼ 80 %), while in winter, biomass burning and coal combustion contributed the most (∼ 75 %). Furthermore, the light absorption contributions of NACs to BrC are wavelength-dependent and vary greatly by season, with maximum contributions at ∼ 330 nm in winter and fall and ∼ 320 nm in summer and spring. The differences in the contribution to light absorption are associated with the higher mass fractions of 4-nitrocatechol (λmax⁡= 345 nm) and 4-nitrophenol (λmax⁡= 310 nm) in fall and winter, 4-nitrophenol in spring, and 5-nitrosalicylic acid (λmax⁡= 315 nm) and 4-nitrophenol in summer. The mean contributions of NACs to BrC light absorption at a wavelength of 365 nm in different seasons are 0.14 % (spring), 0.09 % (summer), 0.36 % (fall), and 0.91 % (winter), which are about 6–9 times higher than their mass fractional contributions of carbon in total organic carbon. Our results indicate that the composition and sources of NACs have profound impacts on the BrC light absorption.

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“…Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) belong to a major group of BrC chromophores. They are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and have been detected in cloud water (Desyaterik et al, 2013), rainwater (Schummer et al, 2009), fog water (Richartz et al, 1990), snow water (Vanni et al, 2001), as well as in gas and particle phases (Cecinato et al, 2005;Zhang et al, 2013;Chow et al, 2015;Al-Naiema and Stone, 2017). Field studies have shown that ~4% of BrC light absorption at 370 nm is contributed by those measured NACs (Zhang et al, 2013;Mohr et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement report: PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China: Seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon

Wei¹,

Huang²,

Yang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) are a group of key chromophores for brown carbon aerosol (light absorbing organic carbon, i.e., BrC), which affects radiative forcing. The chemical composition and sources of NACs and their contributions to BrC absorption, however, are still not well understood. In this study, PM2.5-bound NACs in Xi'an, Northwest China, were investigated for 112 daily PM2.5 filter samples from 2015 to 2016. Both the total concentrations and contributions from individual species of NACs show distinct seasonal variations. The seasonally averaged concentrations of NACs are 2.1 (spring), 1.1 (summer), 12.9 (fall), and 56.3 ng m−3 (winter). Thereinto, 4-nitrophenol is the major NAC component in spring (58 %). The concentrations of 5-nitrosalicylic acid and 4-nitrophenol dominate in summer (70 %), and the concentrations of 4-nitrocatechol and 4-nitrophenol dominate in fall (58 %) and winter (55 %). The NAC species show different seasonal patterns in concentrations, indicating differences in emissions and formation pathways. Source apportionment results using positive matrix factorization (PMF) further show large seasonal differences in the sources of NACs. Specifically, in summer, NACs were highly influenced by secondary formation and vehicle emissions (~ 80 %), while in winter, biomass burning and coal combustion contributed the most (~ 75 %). Furthermore, the light absorption contributions of NACs to BrC are wavelength dependent and vary greatly by seasons, with maximum contributions at ~ 330 nm in winter and fall and ~ 320 nm in summer and spring. The differences in the contribution to light absorption are associated with the higher mass fractions of 4-nitrocatechol (λmax = 345 nm) and 4-nitrophenol (λmax = 310 nm) in fall and winter, 4-nitrophenol in spring, and 5-nitrosalicylic acid (λmax = 315 nm) and 4-nitrophenol in summer. The mean contributions of NACs to BrC light absorption at the wavelength of 365 nm in different seasons are 0.14 % (spring), 0.09 % (summer), 0.36 % (fall) and 0.91 % (winter), which are about 6–9 times higher than their mass fractional contributions of carbon in total organic carbon. Our results indicate that the composition and sources of NACs have profound impacts on the BrC light absorption.

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An Evidence for Nitrophenols Contamination in Antarctic Fresh-Water and Snow. Simultaneous Determination of Nitrophenols and Nitroarenes at ng/L Levels

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

Measurement report: PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China – seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon

Measurement report: PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China: Seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon

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An Evidence for Nitrophenols Contamination in Antarctic Fresh-Water and Snow. Simultaneous Determination of Nitrophenols and Nitroarenes at ng/L Levels

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

Measurement report: PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China – seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon

Measurement report: PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China: Seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon

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Measurement report: PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China – seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon

Measurement report: PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China: Seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon