An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

Desprez-Loustau, Marie Laure; Aguayo, Jaime; Dutech, Cyril; Hayden, Katherine J.; Husson, Claude; Jakushkin, Boris; Marçais, Benoît; Piou, Dominique; Robin, Cécile; Vacher, Corinne

doi:10.1007/s13595-015-0487-4

Cited by 98 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 322 publications

(369 reference statements)

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“…The major disease-causing pathogens of forest trees represent many branches on the tree of life, including fungi, oomycetes, or parasitic plants [3,19]. These pathogens can vary widely in their spatial distribution across a landscape.…”

Section: Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In forests, species abundance reflects a range of climate drivers, ecological processes, and cultural practices; several examples of documented or potential increases in disease with changes in host population are worth highlighting in light of these dynamics. Increased cultivation of Hevea species for rubber production is implicated in increased frequency and severity of South American leaf blight [19,25], a disease that rarely reaches inoculum levels needed for disease emergence under non-cultivated conditions. Increased tanoak importance in response to inadequate silvicultural investments has also been implicated in patterns of P. ramorum establishment risk and emergence of sudden oak death [26][27][28].…”

Section: Tree Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, temperature affects pathogen metabolic activity as well as host predisposition in response to environmental stress [33]. Global change-driven range expansions or contractions could make disease emergence more, or less, likely due to changes in the abundance or spatial distribution of either biological component [3,19,34]. Physical host wounds that act as a de facto surmounting of host physical defenses play an important role in infection [1,22,35,36].…”

Section: Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several lines of inquiry can help prevent these problems: (1) increased efforts to disentangle three-way interactions that lead to disease at broad spatial scales. Disease-triangle applications are biased towards etiological descriptions of disease, yet disease emergence could be a secondary or contributing factor influencing tree mortality and disturbance interactions [19,37]. Understanding if disease is a cause (primary agent) or a symptom (secondary agent) of a forest health problem is essential to any response.…”

Section: Frontiers In the Study Of Disease-disturbance Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances

Cobb

Metz

2017

Forests

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Abstract:The disease triangle is a basic and highly flexible tool used extensively in forest pathology. By linking host, pathogen, and environmental factors, the model provides etiological insights into disease emergence. Landscape ecology, as a field, focuses on spatially heterogeneous environments and is most often employed to understand the dynamics of relatively large areas such as those including multiple ecosystems (a landscape) or regions (multiple landscapes). Landscape ecology is increasingly focused on the role of co-occurring, overlapping, or interacting disturbances in shaping spatial heterogeneity as well as understanding how disturbance interactions mediate ecological impacts. Forest diseases can result in severe landscape-level mortality which could influence a range of other landscape-level disturbances including fire, wind impacts, and land use among others. However, apart from a few important exceptions, these disturbance-disease interactions are not well studied. We unite aspects of forest pathology with landscape ecology by applying the disease-triangle approach from the perspective of a spatially heterogeneous environment. At the landscape-scale, disturbances such as fire, insect outbreak, wind, and other events can be components of the environmental 'arm' of the disease triangle, meaning that a rich base of forest pathology can be leveraged to understand how disturbances are likely to impact diseases. Reciprocal interactions between disease and disturbance are poorly studied but landscape ecology has developed tools that can identify how they affect the dynamics of ecosystems and landscapes.

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Section: Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tree Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Frontiers In the Study Of Disease-disturbance Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances

Cobb

Metz

2017

Forests

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“…These advancements allow us to compute the outcomes of multiple interactions with greater confidence than in the past, and they have provided a considerable push to cross-over across fields. Additionally, this renewed interest in the disease triangle is occurring in a broader framework provided by the awareness of the importance of both anthropogenic and climate change effects [4,5]. It should be noted that the disease triangle may be used to predict epidemiological outcomes not only in plant health, but also in public health, both in local and global communities [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability and Disturbances as Key Factors in Forest Pathology and Plant Health Studies

Garbelotto

Gonthier

2017

Forests

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Abstract:The plant disease triangle (PDT) is as old as the field of modern plant pathology, and it postulates that any plant disease is the outcome of the interaction between a pathogen, a host, and the environment. Recently, the need has emerged to study not only how the three elements of the PDT directly influence disease, but to focus on how they indirectly affect one another, consequently modifying the final outcome. It is also essential to structure such analyses within three major external frameworks provided by landscape level disturbances, climate change, and anthropogenic effects. The studies included in this issue cover a wide range of topics using an equally varied list of approaches, and they showcase the important role these indirect and often non-linear processes have on the development of forest diseases.Keywords: biological invasions; climate; disease triangle; epidemiology; forest; Geographic Information System; modeling; variability A SCOPUS (https://www.scopus.com/) search using the key words "forest pathogen", "invasive", and "variability" reveals a recent reborn interest in the concepts of variability and disturbances as major drivers of infectious forest diseases (Figure 1). Although it is still convenient to partition such variability according to the three main elements of the plant disease triangle (PDT), that is, pathogen, host, and environment [1], our interest is spiked not so much by the study of the individual variables per se, but rather by their dynamic interaction. Advancements in computational and statistical approaches provide a solid framework to focus on those effects that may have been previously discarded or considered marginal because of being too difficult to measure using standard passive analytical approaches [2,3]. These advancements allow us to compute the outcomes of multiple interactions with greater confidence than in the past, and they have provided a considerable push to cross-over across fields. Additionally, this renewed interest in the disease triangle is occurring in a broader framework provided by the awareness of the importance of both anthropogenic and climate change effects [4,5]. It should be noted that the disease triangle may be used to predict epidemiological outcomes not only in plant health, but also in public health, both in local and global communities [6]. The main aim of this special issue was to focus on disturbances and variability as important factors determining the final outcome of forest diseases.

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Climate of seed source affects susceptibility of coastal Douglas‐fir to foliage diseases

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Seed-source movement trials using common garden experiments are needed to understand climate, tree (host), and pathogen interactions. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var menziesii) is an important tree species native to western North America influenced by the foliar fungi Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, a biotroph and causal agent of Swiss needle cast (SNC), and Rhabdocline species, necrotrophs that cause Rhabdocline needle cast. We used the Douglas-fir Seed-Source Movement Trial, a large provenance study of Douglas-fir that consists of populations and test sites chosen to represent the range of climate conditions experienced by Douglas-fir west of the Cascade and northern Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA, to assess disease severity and symptom expression in Douglas-fir in relation to climatic differences between test sites and population sources. Using generalized linear mixed models, probability of disease severity/expression was modeled with respect to the climate variables May through September precipitation (MSP), mean winter temperature (MWT), and continentality. Stark differences in disease expression were observed in trees from different regions, especially in relation to resistance to Rhabdocline spp. and tolerance to P. gaeumannii. There were no major differences across seed-source regions at any particular site in infection levels of P. gaeumannii assessed by fruiting body abundance, yet disease tolerance followed similar geographic patterns as resistance to Rhabdocline spp. Transfers of populations from low to high MSP, and/or cool to warm MWT, increased the probability of moderate to severe Rhabdocline spp. infection and SNC disease symptoms. Our results suggest that local seed sources are adapted to local climate and pathogen pressures and that seed sources from regions with high foliage disease pressure are most resistant/tolerant to those foliage diseases. We also confirm that temperature and precipitation are important epidemiological factors in forest disease and that assisted migration must take into account trophic interactions of trees. Movement of seed sources from dry spring and summer and/or cool winter conditions to mild, mesic environments is likely to lead to increased probability of losses due to these foliage diseases.

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An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

Cited by 98 publications

References 322 publications

Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances

Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances

Variability and Disturbances as Key Factors in Forest Pathology and Plant Health Studies

Climate of seed source affects susceptibility of coastal Douglas‐fir to foliage diseases

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