“…Most past studies used the debt to equity ratio as a proxy for debt covenant tightness (e.g., Dhaliwal, 1982; Pacceca, 1995; Schalow, 1995; Dechow et al , 1996; Ang et al , 2000). There has been, however, some considerable debate in the literature as to how well the debt to equity ratio proxies debt covenant costs (e.g., Press and Weintrop, 1990; Duke and Hunt, 1990; Watts and Zimmerman, 1990; Duke et al , 1995). More recently, Dichev and Skinner (2002) have reported evidence that firm leverage is a relatively noisy and poor proxy for closeness to covenant limits and consequently of debt covenant costs.…”