An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set

Milligan, Glenn W.; Cooper, Martha

doi:10.1007/bf02294245

Cited by 3,184 publications

(2,000 citation statements)

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“…These included the 'C-index' (Hubert & Levin 1976) and Davies & Bouldin (1979) 'Validity Index' which both examine the similarity of clusters. These measures have both been shown to be effective at determining the correct number of clusters (Milligan & Cooper 1985). Ad hoc measures 'mean distance of cases to their cluster centre' (indicating compactness of clusters) and 'average cluster size'…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gradient of each measure was examined to identify the 'knee point' in the trend of increasing number of solutions. Where there is a large improvement in the model, followed by a flattening of the trend, this would indicate that further improvements in the number of clusters are not adding much more understanding to the classification (Milligan & Cooper 1985). Comparing the measures in Figure 1 suggested that an eight cluster solution was most appropriate for capturing the variations in the data as it performed most efficiently across each measure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A neighbourhood level mortality classification of England and Wales, 2006–2009

2014

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The paper provides an overview of a neighbourhood level classification of mortality for England and Wales (2006-2009). Standardised mortality ratios for 63 causes of death were calculated for middle super output areas (weighted by prevalence). A k-means partitional method was used to classify the data. An eight cluster solution was found to best segment mortality patterns. Clusters mostly differentiated in terms of prevalence, however the importance of neurodegenerative diseases and causes related to unhealthy behaviours were important. The results describe a neighbourhood classification that can be an important tool to help inform policy development, resource allocation and targeting of services.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A neighbourhood level mortality classification of England and Wales, 2006–2009

2014

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“…Although no universally valid solution is available, there are a few criteria that have been studied in depth and seem to perform reasonably well. We have chosen here the Calinski and Harabasz index which, according to Milligan and Cooper (1985), is one of the best in given situations. This index is computed from the between and pooled within sum of squares.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary patterns and lifestyle factors in the Norwegian EPIC cohort: The Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) study

et al. 2005

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Objective: To identify different dietary patterns in Norway using a combination of cluster and factor analysis. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Nation-wide, population-based study. Subjects: The Norwegian EPIC cohort is a subcohort of the Norwegian Women and Cancer study (NOWAC), and consist 37.226 women aged 41-56 y who answered a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 1998. Interventions: The associations among 50 food variables were first investigated by using principal component analysis. Five important factors were found. The five principal components were then used as input in the cluster analysis. Different socioeconomic and lifestyle variables were examined. Results: Six clusters of dietary patterns were found, and were labelled accordingly: 'traditional fish eaters', 'healthy eaters', 'average, less fish, less healthy', 'Western', 'traditional bread eaters', and 'alcohol users'. The traditional fish eaters and the traditional bread eaters were both highly represented in the north and west of Norway and were more likely to be present among persons with lower income and lower education. The healthy and the alcohol drinkers were found mostly in the south and east and were more likely to have higher income. Persons in the alcohol group were more likely to be current smokers. The western group had the highest percentage of three or more persons in the household and the shortest time since last birth, indicating that families with children dominate this group. Conclusion: Our data indicate six different dietary patterns in Norway, each with different socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics.

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“…other criteria exist, such as those described by (Milligan and Cooper, 1985) and (Charrad et al, 2014). In our own current method for EEG microstate segmentation (freely available software Cartool (https://sites.google.com/site/cartoolcommunity/), we propose a metacriterion based on several different criteria taken from the literature.…”

Section: Defining the Number Of Clustersmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: A review

2018

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SummaryThe present review discusses a well-established method for characterizing resting-state activity of the human brain using multichannel electroencephalography (EEG). This method involves the examination of electrical microstates in the brain, which are defined as successive short time periods during which the configuration of the scalp potential field remains semi-stable, suggesting quasi-simultaneity of activity among the nodes of largescale networks. A few prototypic microstates, which occur in a repetitive sequence across time, can be reliably identified across participants. Researchers have proposed that these microstates represent the basic building blocks of the chain of spontaneous conscious mental processes, and that their occurrence and temporal dynamics determine the quality of mentation. Several studies have further demonstrated that disturbances of mental processes associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions manifest as changes in the temporal dynamics of specific microstates. Combined EEG-fMRI studies and EEG source imaging studies have indicated that EEG microstates are closely associated with resting-state networks as identified using fMRI. The scale-free properties of the time series of EEG microstates explain why similar networks can be observed at such different time scales.The present review will provide an overview of these EEG microstates, available methods for analysis, the functional interpretations of findings regarding these microstates, and their behavioral and clinical correlates.

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An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set

Abstract: classification, stopping rules, numerical taxonomy,

Cited by 3,184 publications

References 45 publications

A neighbourhood level mortality classification of England and Wales, 2006–2009

A neighbourhood level mortality classification of England and Wales, 2006–2009

Dietary patterns and lifestyle factors in the Norwegian EPIC cohort: The Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) study

EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: A review

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