An experimental investigation of flow and diffusion in the disturbed boundary layer over a ridge—I. Mean flow and turbulence structure

Comparison of 15 evaporation methods applied to a small mountain lake in the northeastern USA

“…Flow separations likely occur downwind of the forest canopy. Arya and Shipman (1981) indicated that the separation streamline associated with a modeled low ridge extended downwind a distance of 13 times the ridge height. Substituting a line of trees for the ridge, and assuming a tree height of 10 m at Mirror Lake, the forest-canopy-related separation eddy could extend downwind approximately 130 m, at which point the equilibrium sublayer would begin to form.…”

“…Recent estimates indicate that the world contains over 300 million lakes and ponds having an area of 0.1 km 2 or less (Downing et al, 2006). Given this large number, it is imperative that we understand and quantify evaporation over small lakes, ponds and reservoirs where special considerations, such as insufficient fetch (Heilman et al, 1989;Condie and Webster, 1997;Horst, 1999;Stannard et al, 2004) and abrupt changes in surface slope and roughness length (Arya and Shipman, 1981;Taylor et al, 1987), exert a greater influence. Unfortunately, determination of evaporation from small or undeveloped lakes is rarely done because interest or funding is not sufficient to warrant the time and expense.…”

A comparison of wind-tunnel experiments and numerical simulations of neutral and stratified flow over a hill

“…They are not without problems however, most notably the difficulty of ensuring a sufficiently high Reynolds number to keep the flow turbulent and also the difficulty in obtaining a realistic boundarylayer. Notable wind-tunnel experiments for neutral flow over a hill include the EPA RUSHIL experiment by Khurshudyan et al (1981), those performed by Finnigan et al (1989) and the work of Arya and Shipman (1981) and Gong and Ibbetson (1989).…”

Wind profiles over complex terrain

“…The lower part of the tower is therefore in the wake produced by the building. A small effective roughness length in the wake of large structures has been found in many wind tunnel experiments (see, e.g., Meroney et al, 1976;Meroney et al, 1978;Arya and Shipman, 1981;and Counihan et al, 1974).…”