An experimental investigation of the performance of a Collison nebulizer generating H1N1 influenza aerosols

Ibrahim, E. A.; Harnish, Delbert A.; Kinney, Kimberly; Heimbuch, Brian K.; Wander, Joseph D.

doi:10.1080/13102818.2015.1059736

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We found that our RT‐PCR protocol successfully detected collected MS2, and the total collection efficiency of the GTC at 20% RH was calculated as 18.3 ± 9.9%. It should be pointed out that the seemingly large variations of calculated collection efficiency of air samplers are comparable to those in the literature . The reasons include time‐varying particle distribution (as previously reported ) and the variability in survivability of aerosolized MS2 bacteriophage relative to RH and other particular conditions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Use of RNA amplification and electrophoresis for studying virus aerosol collection efficiency and their comparison with plaque assays

et al. 2016

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The spread of virus-induced infectious diseases through airborne routes of transmission is a global concern for economic and medical reasons. To study virus transmission, it is essential to have an effective aerosol collector such as the growth tube collector (GTC) system that utilizes water-based condensation for collecting virus-containing aerosols. In this work, we characterized the GTC system using bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for a small RNA virus. We investigated using RNA extraction and reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to study the total virus collection efficiency of the GTC system. Plaque assays were also used to enumerate viable viruses collected by the GTC system compared to that by a commercially available apparatus, the SKC® Biosampler. The plaque assay counts were used to enumerate viable viruses whereas RT-PCR provides a total virus count, including those viruses inactivated during collection. The effects of relative humidity (RH) and other conditions on collection efficiency were also investigated. Our results suggest that the GTC has a collection efficiency for viable viruses between 0.24 and 1.8% and a total virus collection efficiency between 18.3 and 79.0%, which is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the SKC® Biosampler. Moreover, higher RH significantly increases both the viable and total collection efficiency of the GTC, while its effect on the collection efficiency of the SKC® Biosampler is not significant.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Use of RNA amplification and electrophoresis for studying virus aerosol collection efficiency and their comparison with plaque assays

et al. 2016

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“…The agreement between the CGT and AGI-4 suggests that fewer virions are present in the smaller aerosol particles. The formation of an aerosol PSD containing non- virus solute components (e.g., media remnants and contaminants) is in agreement with other researchers who are studying viral aerosols (Zuo et al 2013;Ibrahim et al 2015). The power fit of the CGT data approximates a cube power scaling, which suggests a volume-based process to forming the PFUs/aerosol droplet.…”

Section: Infectious Virions Per Aerosol Particlesupporting

confidence: 88%

“…One factor could be our efforts to generate a particularly small aerosol (less than 300 nm) resulting the much lower protection of the virions (Israeli et al 1994;Verreault et al 2008;Zuo et al 2014). Another factor could be microbial damage by the Collison nebulizer during the aerosolization process (Reponen et al 1997;Zhen et al 2014;Ibrahim et al 2015). Interestingly, the percentage of the virions in each particle that are viable is fairly constant across the three size ranges studied.…”

Section: Total Virions Per Particle and Percent Infectivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aerosols-containing viruses have the potential to be a significant health threat (Lighthart and Mohr, 1994;Burge 1995;Verreault et al, 2008). Researchers are currently focused on developing a greater understanding of the nature of viral aerosols, their infectivity (also called viability) as a function of aerosol size, and the factors that may impact their infectivity (Agranovski et al 2005;Kim et al 2007;Fabian et al 2009;Gralton et al 2011;Appert et al 2012;Walls et al 2013a,b;Zuo et al 2013Zuo et al , 2014Ibrahim et al 2015;Lednicky et al in press;Pan et al 2016). The understanding of size-dependent infectivity of viral aerosols (i.e., the number of infectious virions per total number of viral particles) has been limited by available measurement techniques in the nanoscale size range, where viruses are typically measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Generation and sampling of nanoscale infectious viral aerosols

Walls

Ensor

Harvey

et al. 2016

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Airborne viruses represent a potentially significant health threat. However, only recently have researchers begun to characterize the size and infectivity of viral bioaerosols in the nanoscale size range. There are limitations in the generation of test viral aerosols and the ability to sample with acceptable efficiency. Reported here is use of a laminar-flow water condensation method to efficiently sample nanoscale bioaerosols to sizes well below 100 nm. We used MS2 bacteriophage in water to provide an aerosol with particles sizes from 300 nm down to 45 nm for sampling by both an all-glass impinger (4 mm; AGI-4) and the water condensation bioaerosol sampler. We demonstrated the existence of infectious viral particles below 100 nm and a higher collection efficiency by the water condensation sampler compared to the AGI-4 at nanoscale sizes. For example, the water condensation bioaerosol sampler that collected particles at 45 nm in diameter had 20 times more infective virions per collected particle compared to the AGI-4. However, when we corrected the AGI-4 data for particle size-dependent collection efficiency, the results were similar. We also used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, along with culturing for infectivity to determine the percent infectivity of the aerosol by particle size. Finally, we used a simple calculation to determine that a large fraction of sub-100 nm particles did not contain infectious virus because of the low titer concentration of virus in the Collison fluid.

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“…Upstream and downstream measurements for the 0.8-µm bead study were collected using the 0.723-0.925 μm bins on the APS as described previously [7], and the concentration of the 0.1µm bead aerosol was determined using the 0.0947--0.1094 µm size bins on the SMPS. Viable virus collected in the upstream and downstream AGI-30s (viable virus per mL of extract) were determined using the Spearman-Kärber formula [8].…”

Section: Filtration Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%