An experimental LoRa performance evaluation in tree farm

Yim, Daeun; Chung, Jiwon; Cho, Yulim; Song, Hyunji; Jin, Daehan; Kim, Sojeong; Ko, Sungwook; Smith, Anthony; Riegsecker, Austin

doi:10.1109/sas.2018.8336764

Cited by 69 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In the literature there are several studies related to object and environmental monitoring by means of LoRa, concerning agriculture and livestock farming [19,21,[23][24][25], health [26], forestry [12,27], smart cities [2,28], industrial [4,5,29] and maritime [9] applications.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results in [27] show that there is some dependence on the antenna elevation when distances are large. LPWANs for tree farming are also used in [12], where the authors have shown that the height of the receiving antenna has a large impact on the packet loss rate, with the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) depending more on the distance rather than on the adopted spreading factor. Smart city monitoring is the subject of [2].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the above presented LoRaWAN approaches [2,4,5,12,21,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29], the adopted LoRaWAN MAC layer does not include a listen-before-talk (LBT) mechanism that tries to prevent as much as possible packet collisions among nodes [34]. On the contrary, our paper proposes a custom MAC layer that includes LBT-based carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), to be incorporated with the physical layer of LoRa.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This new concept is being used in several scenarios, such as in smart cities [2,3], industrial manufacturing [4,5], healthcare [6,7] and transportation [8,9]. Another application scenario is in rural areas [10,11], and specifically on smart livestock farming [12], over which we focus our work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rural areas, it is important to have sensor nodes that can operate for long time without human intervention, and capable to transmit data over a wireless communication channel [12]. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) can satisfy the data communication requirements typical of this environment, which are flexibility, resistance to multipath and other types of interference, and wide coverage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An IoT Architecture for Continuous Livestock Monitoring Using LoRa LPWAN

et al. 2019

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The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture is quickly becoming popular even outside of its originating scenario of home automation. This paper reports the design, implementation, and performance of an IoT hardware and software architecture conceived for the continuous monitoring of livestock located in barns and during grazing. We have adopted the LoRa low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology to cover the diverse environments, and a suitable configuration of web services to perform data storage, analysis, and visualization. Since the LoRa LPWAN (LoRaWAN) medium access control (MAC) layer does not provide a listen-before-talk (LBT) mechanism, we propose a custom MAC layer with LBT-based carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). The devised system has been implemented using off-the-shelf hardware, and its performance has also been estimated with the help of a C++ event-based simulator. The preliminary results of our HW implementation on the field confirm the stability of the conceived system and its reliability. suburban or rural environments [15], making this technology viable for both small and medium-scale applications. It has also been shown that a single LoRa gateway can manage a large number of EDs with little maintenance and easy deployment [5].LoRa is a proprietary wireless communication standard developed by Semtech, based on a chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation [16,17]. The physical layer (PHY) uses chirp waveforms with different chirp rate, to maintain orthogonality among different classes of users, and with different initial frequency, to convey the actual information message [15]. Channel coding is also used, with interleaving and Hamming block codes. Although the details of the LoRa PHY are not public, several authors have tried and succeeded to reverse-engineer, almost completely, its PHY communication techniques [18].On the other side, LoRaWAN is an open MAC protocol, built on top of the LoRa PHY, that is specifically designed for low-powered devices operating over long-range wireless links. Even though LoRaWAN is commonly used in deploying LoRa networks [19], in this work we have decided to implement a custom MAC layer in order to have more control over the architectural design and to remove some features of the LoRaWAN layer [20] that are not used in our application, such as the large header size when short payloads have to be delivered, and the packet acknowledgments managed by a LoRa server. Continuous and near-real-time monitoring of livestock, in particular of dairy cattle, can help to provide information vital to study the animal behavior and to prevent pathological states that have a negative impact on livestock health [21,22].In particular, our proposed architecture aims at analyzing, almost in real-time, the status of dairy cattle in a cowshed or during grazing by means of sensors embedded in smart collars. By the way, this approach may be extended also to other kinds of livestock, such as beef cattle, swine, ovine, and even equine.In this paper we first de...

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An IoT Architecture for Continuous Livestock Monitoring Using LoRa LPWAN

et al. 2019

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Systematic review of Internet of Things in smart farming

Terence

Geethanjali

2020

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Agriculture unquestionably is one of the traditional occupations, which feeds all mankind in the world. Continuous changes are happening in the agricultural field to increase production. Researchers are applying various techniques to improve farming methods. To monitor plants even from remote places and to improve the yield of plants, Internet of Things (IoT), which is a boon in today's world, is applied in farming, in general, known as smart farming. Smart farming is a way where the farmers can monitor their field and manage farming activities from remote places. This reduces man power and increases resource utilization in farming. In this article, we have studied the architecture of smart farming and studied different smart farming techniques, also we have classified smart farming techniques into three categories, namely, IoT-based agricultural monitoring and controlling system, automatic irrigation system, and plant disease monitoring system. The review for the article is selected based on the systematic literature review method, and articles published from 2011 to 2019 are considered for review. Different IoT technologies such as sensors, gateway, communication system, user interface and experiment nature, plant type, disease type, advantages, and limitations are also reviewed. Future research direction and challenges in smart farming techniques are also discussed. Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2020;31:e3958. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ett Atzori et al 16 presented a survey on IoT techniques. In this article, the architecture, applications, and challenges of IoT technologies were discussed. Various environmental and agricultural monitoring applications were discussed. Zhang et al 17 projected various agricultural data transmission methods in his review article, namely, voice information transmission, short message service (SMS) information transmission, online information transmission, video conference information transmission, and multichannel-based information transmission techniques. Case studies, features, applications, examples, and limitations of various information transmission techniques were discussed. Kamilaris et al 18 projected survey on big data analysis in agriculture. In this article, 34 agriculture works were considered for the study and different features such as tools applied, big data algorithm used, problem and proposed solution implemented, and data used were discussed. The type of plants and experimental duration and advantages and limitation of algorithms were missing. Talavera et al 14 reviewed IoT applications in environment and agroindustrial system. The authors discussed about various IoT techniques involved in monitoring, communication, logistics, energy and resource management in environment monitoring, and agroindustrial system. In this study, the authors approached all the IoT techniques with following two questions: what is the primary technical solution of IoT in environmental monitoring and agroindustrial system and which methodology and IoT components such as sensors, actuato...

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