An Experimental Study of the Variations in the Production of Visual Disturbance by Certain New Cinchona Derivatives

Differences in the retinotoxic action of chloroquine and phenothiazine derivatives

“…The chloroquine retinopathy in animals is primarily a ganglion cell lesion. Dawson et al (1937) emphasised the significance of the ganglion cell oedema and degeneration in their report on visual disturbances in quinine-treated dogs.…”

Antimalarial Efficacy of Hydroxyethylapoquinine (SN-119) and Its Derivatives

“…Specifically, HEAQ was used at doses of 8 grams per day as an effective antibacterial compound from 1936 to 1939 in the treatment of over 500 pneumonia cases in Pittsburgh, PA, resulting in a 50% reduction in mortality, with no visual disturbances or severe adverse effects, including atrial fibrillation, noted for the drug (12)(13)(14). Additional studies confirmed the lower toxicity of HEAQ than quinine and other alkaloids such as ethylapocupreine, showing no visual toxicity in dogs (15). Hegner et al reported the efficacy of HEAQ in the treatment of three strains of bird malaria, demonstrating that HEAQ was as effective as but less potent than quinine against Plasmodium lophurae, P. relictum, and P. cathemerium (16)(17)(18).…”