An extensive review on tier 2 safety pharmacology

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive overview of safety pharmacology practises, technologies, and emerging concepts in drug discovery and development. The field of safety pharmacology serves a crucial role in anticipating and minimising the hazards and adverse effects of new medications. Evaluation of important organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, central nervous, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal systems, is involved. While the main battery of safety pharmacology research focuses on major organ systems, additional studies may be done depending on the unique properties of prospective medications. The research emphasises the significance of evaluating the gastrointestinal and renal systems and addresses the many approaches, biomarkers, and technologies used to enhance safety evaluations. In addition, new ideas like as frontloading, alternative models, and the incorporation of safety pharmacology endpoints into regulatory toxicology studies are investigated. These developments help to better informed decision-making and lead candidate selection, eventually improving the safety and effectiveness of novel treatments.