An extensive survey on fractal structures using iterated function system in patch antennas

Ezhumalai, Aravindraj; Nagarajan, Ganesh; Balasubramaniyan, Sathishkumar

doi:10.1002/dac.4932

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Due to its many benefits, including its compactness, simplicity, good resonance and radiation proprieties, and 5G spectrum band, C-band, and X-band applications, the designed Sierpinski hexagonal-shaped fractal antenna is the ideal choice. Ezhumalai et al [39], inspected fractal aerials utilizing the international operational system within the patches aerials. The fractal aerial is one of the suitable choices in the modern era for numerous engineering sectors namely surface physics as well as communication and many more.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel design of triangular-shaped hexagonal fractal antenna for satellite communication

2023

IJATEE

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Modern telecommunications systems required antennae along with wider bandwidths including the smaller dimension as compared to conventional possibly antennas [1,2]. It has initiated the antenna's research in various directions, one form which utilizes the fractal shape antenna's element [3,4]. There exist important relations between antenna dimensions and wavelengths. The relation states that if an antenna's sizes are lesser than the λ/4 then the antenna isn't effective because of the radiation's resistances, and gains, as well as the bandwidth, gets reduced [5,6]. Further, to overcome the limitation of the antenna's size got increased, which again problems with the handheld device. *Author for correspondence Fractal geometry is considered a pragmatic solution for the existing aforementioned problem [79]. The term fractal means the irregular or broken fragment. This is defined from Benoit's Mandelbrot derived from the Latin word 'fractus' that means fracture or the broken [1012]. The Fractal's antennas get inspired by the nature. A fractal antenna has two main properties that are space-filling as well as self-similarities [1315]. The space-filling properties reduced the size of antennas and this makes antennas electronically larger in the smaller physical spaces [1618]. Self-similarities property means that the patches of the antennas are subdivided into small parts as well as every smaller part is the smallest portion of the reduced sizes of main geometries [1922].

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel design of triangular-shaped hexagonal fractal antenna for satellite communication

2023

IJATEE

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“…antenna's resonance is adjusted and customized by choosing an appropriate fractal design [10]. The proposed design incorporates a Sierpinski gasket pattern into an octagonal-shaped printed monopole, leading to a smaller cross-sectional area for the radiator while achieving a wide resonance with increased gain [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Sierpinski Gasket Fractal Antenna for S, C, X, and Ku Band Applications

Aravindraj,

Nagarajan,

Ramanathan

2024

PIER C

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A Sierpinski Gasket Fractal Structure embedded in an Octagonal Microstrip Printed Monopole Antenna is proposed. The prototype is mathematically developed in a miniaturized cross-sectional area with ultra-wide resonance. A fractal design resembling a third-order Sierpinski gasket is applied to the octagonal radiator in a mutually proportional manner, increases the radiation across the entire surface area by extending the effective length of the dielectric. The driven radiator exhibits Fractional Bandwidth (FBW) of 156% spanning at 2.65 GHz-21.6 GHz, along with a peak gain 6.23 dB. The fabricated prototype demonstrates excellent agreement during testing and measurement using a microwave analyzer and an anechoic chamber, respectively. The proposed antenna covers resonance for applications at the S, C, X, and Ku bands. Also, it completely envelopes the Ultra-Wideband (UWB) and Sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum.

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“…Hence, various research has been conducted by scholars to develop diverse antenna miniaturization techniques to design compact antennae of distinct types such as patches, dipoles, loops, and slots that can satisfy the size constraints without degrading the performance of the antenna [3]. The many miniaturization techniques include adding slots [4], truncated and defected ground plane [5][6][7][8], meandered line [9], fractals [10] and metamaterial [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Miniaturized Antenna for IoT Applications Using Metamaterial

Jusoh¹,

Husain²,

Malek³

et al. 2023

IIUMEJ

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With the accelerated development of wireless technology, miniaturized antennae have become outstandingly favored due to the growing demand of Internet of Things (IoT) devices that are essential to accommodate low power, high data rates, and long-range communication. When an antenna operates at lower frequencies, the size of the antenna becomes bulky, which has raised an issue in the integration of the antennae within IoT devices due to their size constraints. Hence, in this paper, a miniaturized ring-monopole antenna incorporated with Rectangular Complementary Split Ring Resonator (RCSRR) and slotted ground plane, was designed at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency bands. The antenna was miniaturized by 46.8 % with overall size of 30 mm x 24.8 mm x 1.6 mm, and it was printed on FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.3. Design optimization was carried out by modifying the antenna structure, optimizing the dimensions, and using a low loss Rogers RT5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2, and thickness of 1.575 mm. The width of the antenna was also reduced to 20 mm which furthered the size reduction to 57.8 %. From the simulation results, the antenna was operated at 2.448 GHz, 2.864 GHz, and 5.8 GHz frequency bands with good return loss at -13.872 dB, -33.491 dB, and -19.3 dB respectively. The antenna fabrication and measurement were also implemented to the best simulated design using different substrates to validate its performance by comparing the simulated results with the measured results. ABSTRAK: Dengan perkembangan pesat teknologi tanpa wayar, antena miniatur telah menjadi sangat digemari kerana permintaan yang semakin meningkat bagi peranti Internet Benda (IoT), iaitu mempunyai kuasa rendah, kadar data yang tinggi dan berkomunikasi jarak jauh. Apabila antena beroperasi pada frekuensi rendah, saiz antena menjadi besar, ini menimbulkan isu kekangan saiz pada antena ketika berada dalam peranti IoT. Oleh itu, kajian ini adalah berkenaan antena ekakutub-gelang kecil yang digabungkan dengan Resonator Gelang Pemisah Pelengkap Segiempat Tepat (RCSRR) dan satah tanah berslot, telah direka bentuk pada jalur frekuensi 2.4 GHz dan 5.8 GHz. Antena telah dikecilkan sebanyak 46.8 % dengan saiz keseluruhan 30 mm x 24.8 mm x 1.6 mm, dan ia dicetak pada substrat FR-4 dengan pemalar dielektrik 4.3. Reka bentuk optimum telah dilakukan dengan mengubah suai struktur antena, berdimensi optimum, menggunakan substrat Rogers RT5880 rendah kuasa dengan pemalar dielektrik 2.2, dan berketebalan 1.575 mm. Lebar antena juga dikurangkan sebanyak 20 mm, ini bermakna pengurangan saiz berjaya ditingkatkan kepada 57.8%. Dapatan simulasi menunjukkan antena telah beroperasi pada jalur frekuensi 2.448 GHz, 2.864 GHz dan 5.8 GHz dengan pengurangan kehilangan pulangan kuasa yang baik iaitu pada -13.872 dB, -33.491 dB dan -19.3 dB masing-masing. Fabrikasi dan pengukuran antena juga telah dilaksanakan pada reka bentuk simulasi terbaik menggunakan substrat yang berbeza bagi mengesahkan kemampuannya dengan membandingkan dapatan simulasi dengan hasil yang diukur.

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An extensive survey on fractal structures using iterated function system in patch antennas

Cited by 11 publications

References 89 publications

A novel design of triangular-shaped hexagonal fractal antenna for satellite communication

A novel design of triangular-shaped hexagonal fractal antenna for satellite communication

A Compact Sierpinski Gasket Fractal Antenna for S, C, X, and Ku Band Applications

Design of Miniaturized Antenna for IoT Applications Using Metamaterial

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